Molotov cocktails exploding, bricks smashing into windshields, and the storming of barricades—these chaotic scenes highlight the challenges faced by police personnel during public order events.

While U.S. citizens hold the constitutional right to peaceably assemble, such violent acts contradict the principles of the First Amendment. Traditionally, U.S. police have operated within the clear boundaries set by the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Amendments. However, the evolving nature of public demonstrations requires modern practitioners to expand their expertise.