In a recent Section 1983 federal court case involving allegations of excessive force, the plaintiff claimed an officer sprayed him with pepper spray six times, from 5 to 10 seconds during each spray, and subsequently sprayed him “multiple times” from 5 to 10 seconds each time. The officer stated he sprayed the plaintiff twice, from 2 to 3 seconds each time. Whose version of the same event can be confirmed or debunked, as clearly the extreme disparity in testimony is more than could be explained by normal differences in perception?