Members of the British public have not been strangers to terrorism and extremist beliefs. Over the centuries, the United Kingdom has been at the vanguard of dealing with extremist views, be those of the Fenian Brotherhood who attacked London and Manchester in the late 1800s or the more recent attacks by followers of other extreme ideologies. The sustained campaign of terrorism by the Irish Republican Army (IRA) was the predominant terrorist threat to the British and Irish people in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. As peace was achieved in the island of Ireland in 1997, the new emerging threat was Al Qaeda, which had already demonstrated its potency by bombing the World Trade Center in 1993 and would soon strike again through its murderous attack on the U.S. Embassy in Nairobi in 1998. Three years later, Al Qaeda would become a global “brand” for its 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon; four years after that, Al Qaeda arrived on British shores, murdering 52 people on the London transport system.