{"id":18414,"date":"2008-06-01T12:00:00","date_gmt":"2008-06-01T16:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/iacpmag.wp.matrixdev.net\/chiefs-counsel-brady-is-middle-agedbut-is-compliance-in-its-infancy-for-some-agencies\/"},"modified":"2024-10-21T09:23:44","modified_gmt":"2024-10-21T13:23:44","slug":"chiefs-counsel-brady-is-middle-agedbut-is-compliance-in-its-infancy-for-some-agencies","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/chiefs-counsel-brady-is-middle-agedbut-is-compliance-in-its-infancy-for-some-agencies\/","title":{"rendered":"Chief&#8217;s Counsel: <i>Brady<\/i> Is Middle-Aged\u2014but Is Compliance in Its Infancy for Some Agencies?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a name=\"top\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/senate-appropriations-committee-passes-c-j-s-funding-bill\/\" WIDTH=\"34\" HEIGHT\"36\" ALT=\"\" border=\"0\" align=\"left\"><\/p>\n<p>n May 13, 2008, the U.S. Supreme Court\u2019s opinion in <i>Brady<\/i> v. <i>Maryland<\/i> turned 45 years old. In those intervening years, the form and extent of law enforcement records have changed dramatically. As most agencies are trying to stretch fewer resources to provide more services, a challenge facing agencies today is how to ensure continued compliance with <i>Brady<\/i> in the quickly changing technological environment of the 21st century. Two fair questions for law enforcement managers are as follows: do they know who knows where the records are held, and do officers who communicate with prosecutors know where the records are held?<\/p>\n<p><b><i>Brady<\/i> and Criminal Discovery Statutes<\/b><\/p>\n<p>A brief review of the case law may be helpful to chiefs and other managers evaluating and, if necessary, improving compliance with <i>Brady.<\/i> After Brady\u2019s trial and conviction for murder, Brady discovered that another individual involved in the crime had admitted to committing the actual homicide to investigators. However, the state did not share this statement with Brady\u2019s counsel, even though Brady\u2019s counsel had asked to review statements made by the accomplice. At trial, Brady had admitted participating in the crime, but he claimed that his accomplice actually killed the victim. Consequently, the undisclosed statement would have corroborated Brady\u2019s account.<\/p>\n<p><i>Brady<\/i> and its progeny clearly establish that the defendant has a due-process right to material, exculpatory information, regardless of whether the material applies to guilt or punishment. Failing to disclose this evidence violates due process; good faith is irrelevant. Furthermore, information known to the involved law enforcement agency that is not shared with the prosecution is imputed to the prosecution. Hence, there remains a duty to disclose.<\/p>\n<p>In addition to the constitutional requirements of <i>Brady<\/i>, many states have expansive discovery laws applicable to felony and\/or misdemeanor trials.<a href=\"#1\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a> For example, many discovery laws require the production of all field notes, documents, pictures, and reports in any media to the prosecution, <a href=\"#2\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/a> and some prosecutors employ an \u201copen file\u201d approach to discovery, under which the defendant\u2019s counsel may examine all components of the state\u2019s file.<\/p>\n<p><b>Civil Liability Exposure<\/b><\/p>\n<p>For both individual officers and agencies, a failure to comply with <i>Brady<\/i> may have ramifications above and beyond the criminal appeals context. The defendant\u2019s right to exculpatory information is a clearly established constitutional right. Consequently, a plaintiff may bring a Section 1983 claim against an officer.<a href=\"#3\"><sup>3<\/sup><\/a> Law enforcement officers do not incur liability for failing to preserve <i>potentially<\/i> useful evidence unless the officers act in bad faith; whether officers were aware of the evidence\u2019s exculpatory value at the time of destruction is critical.<a href=\"#4\"><sup>4<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Plaintiffs may allege at least two theories of agency liability in the <i>Brady<\/i> context. First, an agency\u2019s systemic failure to comply with the requirement to furnish exculpatory evidence would constitute a pattern or practice of violating a defendant\u2019s constitutional right to due process. Consequently, a plaintiff may successfully launch a Section 1983 claim against an individual officer upon showing a case-specific failure to disclose and a Section 1983 <i>Monell<\/i> (pattern or practice) claim against an agency upon showing a systemic failure to comply with <i>Brady<\/i>.<a href=\"#5\"><sup>5<\/sup><\/a> Second, an agency may face liability if it fails to train officers regarding <i>Brady<\/i> and its disclosure requirements.<a href=\"#6\"><sup>6<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Strategies to Ensure Compliance<\/b><\/p>\n<p>As the number of cases an agency handles and\/or as the number of personnel involved in complex cases increases, the challenge to develop policies that ensure compliance with <i>Brady<\/i> becomes more difficult.<\/p>\n<p>Generally, law enforcement agencies seem to be fairly adept at complying with <i>Brady<\/i> vis\u00e0-vis routine, fairly straightforward information repositories. For example, agencies routinely produce all reports compiled in connection with a particular case investigation for the prosecution. In addition, crime scene photographers typically maintain a log of all photos taken, and all photos are furnished to the district attorney (either in printed form or on CD-ROM or other media).<\/p>\n<p>There are several steps a prudent law enforcement manager may take to ensure compliance. The first step is to conduct an agency audit to determine where information may be located. This audit will be less cumbersome and more useful to policy developers if the audit focuses not on a particular case or type of case (such as homicides) but on the agency\u2019s divisions and their functions. In other words, the audit should consider what <i>types<\/i> of records each division produces. If the agency operates an emergency dispatch center, this division will likely have tapes, computer-assisted dispatch records, and digital recordings of all air traffic. Such records may or may not contain exculpatory evidence in a particular case, but they might be subject to discovery under the state discovery laws.<\/p>\n<p>As an agency deploys new technology, it should analyze whether exculpatory material can find its way into the new system. For example, when agencies install video cameras in vehicles, an additional record that may contain exculpatory information is created. Likewise, as mobile data terminals or computers are added to patrol vehicles, the transmissions among units may contain exculpatory information and\/or information subject to discovery. Capturing this information without overburdening the agency\u2019s resources is a key issue.<\/p>\n<p>A central linking system to manage all files is imperative. Midsized to large agencies simply cannot afford <i>not<\/i> to have such a system. However, managers should use the audit described in this article to ensure that all records are linked in the system; a system is only as good as the data entered into it.<\/p>\n<p>An essential component of ensuring that agencies comply with <i>Brady<\/i> is education. Management should ensure that all officers are aware of the <i>Brady<\/i> decision and its components and understand the implications of failure to comply.<a href=\"#7\"><sup>7<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>A successful education program will also cover the consequences of developing \u201ctunnel vision\u201d during criminal investigations.<a href=\"#8\"><sup>8<\/sup><\/a> Although an extensive discussion of tunnel vision is beyond the scope of this column, supervisors and officers alike should be aware that this phenomenon might lead investigators to discard information that does not support a hypothesis and to focus on information that does. It is precisely the information that does <i>not<\/i> support a hypothesis that may prove to be exculpatory (or, at least, that a defense attorney may convincingly argue is exculpatory). Consequently, as agencies work to improve their officers\u2019 understanding of both <i>Brady<\/i> and the importance of compliance, helping officers understand their vulnerability to tunnel vision is key. At least in more serious cases such as rapes, kidnappings, robberies, and homicides, classifying anything as \u201cirrelevant\u201d early in the investigation is fraught with hazards. If evidence is discarded early in the investigation because it is of \u201cno investigative value,\u201d to establish later that it was in fact of no investigative value is to embark on the daunting task of proving a negative.<\/p>\n<p>Another strategy to ensure compliance with <i>Brady<\/i> is effective policy development and implementation. After an audit, an agency may decide to implement systems with checks to ensure compliance. Supervisors must monitor their officers\u2019 adherence to such policies, and an effective policy will include guidance on how to do so. Reviewing case materials before sending them to the prosecutor is essential. In addition, an effective policy includes a checklist (prepared from information compiled during the audit) to guide officers in locating information held by the agency on a particular case.<\/p>\n<p>Lastly, obtaining a signed acknowledgment from prosecutors for information furnished to them is prudent because over time, as memories fade, discrepancies may arise regarding which documents were disclosed. Of course, the agency should also retain a copy of the evidence produced.<\/p>\n<p><b>Conclusion<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Continued compliance with <i>Brady<\/i> requires a concerted effort. Helping officers understand what is encompassed and where such information may be located is key to compliance. An effective policy, successfully implemented, helps protect agencies and their officers from liability in this area. ?<\/p>\n<p><b>Notes:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"-2\"><a name=\"1\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a>Some states have been slow to revamp discovery laws to comply with <i>Brady<\/i>; the <i>Brady<\/i> obligation to disclose continues regardless of the status of state law.<br \/>\n<a name=\"2\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/a>North Carolina is one such state.<br \/>\n<a name=\"3\"><sup>3<\/sup><\/a>See, for example, <i>Brown<\/i> v. <i>Miller<\/i>, 519 F.3d 231 (2008); and <i>White<\/i> v. <i>McKinley<\/i>, 519 F.3d 806 (2008).<br \/>\n<a name=\"4\"><sup>4<\/sup><\/a><i>Arizona<\/i> v. <i>Youngblood<\/i>, 488 U.S. 51 (1988).<br \/>\n<a name=\"5\"><sup>5<\/sup><\/a><i>Monell<\/i> v. <i>Dep\u2019t of Soc. Servs.<\/i>, 436 U.S. 658, 663 (1978).<br \/>\n<a name=\"6\"><sup>6<\/sup><\/a><i>Gregory<\/i> v. <i>City of Louisville<\/i>, 444 F.3d 725 (2006) (holding that genuine issues of material fact existed as to whether the city failed to train officers regarding exculpatory materials).<br \/>\n<a name=\"7\"><sup>7<\/sup><\/a><i>Id<\/i>.<br \/>\n<a name=\"8\"><sup>8<\/sup><\/a>For a lengthy discussion of the effect of tunnel vision in criminal cases, see Keith A. Findley and Michael S. Scott, \u201cThe Multiple Dimensions of Tunnel Vision in Criminal Cases,\u201d <i>Wisconsin Law Review<\/i> 2006, no. 2 (2006): 291\u2013397, http:\/\/hosted.law.wisc.edu\/lawreview\/issues\/2006-2\/findleyscott.pdf (accessed April 30, 2008).<\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><a href=\"#Top\">Top<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>n May 13, 2008, the U.S. Supreme Court\u2019s opinion in Brady v. Maryland turned 45 years old. In those intervening years, the form and extent of law enforcement records have changed dramatically. As most agencies are trying to stretch fewer resources to provide more services, a challenge facing agencies today is how to ensure continued &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/chiefs-counsel-brady-is-middle-agedbut-is-compliance-in-its-infancy-for-some-agencies\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Chief&#8217;s Counsel: <i>Brady<\/i> Is Middle-Aged\u2014but Is Compliance in Its Infancy for Some Agencies?<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-18414","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"acf":{"subtitle":null,"post_author":"By Julie Risher, Office of the Public Safety Attorney, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, Police Department","main_category":null,"legacy_article_id":"1514","legacy_issue_id":"62008"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.4 (Yoast SEO v24.5) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Chief&#039;s Counsel: Brady Is Middle-Aged\u2014but Is Compliance in Its Infancy for Some Agencies? - Police Chief Magazine<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/chiefs-counsel-brady-is-middle-agedbut-is-compliance-in-its-infancy-for-some-agencies\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Chief&#039;s Counsel: Brady Is Middle-Aged\u2014but Is Compliance in Its Infancy for Some Agencies?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"n May 13, 2008, the U.S. Supreme Court\u2019s opinion in Brady v. 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- Police Chief Magazine","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/chiefs-counsel-brady-is-middle-agedbut-is-compliance-in-its-infancy-for-some-agencies\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Chief's Counsel: Brady Is Middle-Aged\u2014but Is Compliance in Its Infancy for Some Agencies?","og_description":"n May 13, 2008, the U.S. Supreme Court\u2019s opinion in Brady v. Maryland turned 45 years old. In those intervening years, the form and extent of law enforcement records have changed dramatically. 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