{"id":20422,"date":"2015-11-01T12:00:00","date_gmt":"2015-11-01T17:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/iacpmag.wp.matrixdev.net\/research-in-brief-police-legitimacy-procedural-justice-and-the-exercise-of-police-authority\/"},"modified":"2024-10-08T14:18:45","modified_gmt":"2024-10-08T18:18:45","slug":"research-in-brief-police-legitimacy-procedural-justice-and-the-exercise-of-police-authority","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/research-in-brief-police-legitimacy-procedural-justice-and-the-exercise-of-police-authority\/","title":{"rendered":"Research in Brief: Police Legitimacy, Procedural Justice, and the Exercise of Police Authority"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a name=\"top\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>A large body of survey research demonstrates that when people have contact with the police, the fairness with which police are perceived to act affects citizens\u2019 trust and confidence in the police and their sense that the police deserve to be obeyed\u2014that is, procedural justice by police shapes police legitimacy and obligation. Procedural justice is a matter of treating people with dignity and respect, giving them an opportunity to explain their situations and listening to what they have to say, and explaining what police have done or will do, so that it is clear that officers are taking account of people\u2019s needs and concerns and basing police decisions on facts. It is about not whether but how police exercise their authority. From this body of evidence, it would appear that police can \u201ccreate\u201d legitimacy by acting with procedural justice in their everyday encounters with citizens. As intuitive as this might seem, previous research and the authors\u2019 own study casts doubt on it. However, it was also found that citizens\u2019 perceptions of procedural justice are substantially affected by whether or not they are searched without their consent, and that finding may have implications for how police can nurture legitimacy.<a href=\"#1\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Research was conducted in two New York police departments: Schenectady and Syracuse.<a href=\"#2\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/a> People who had recent contact with the police, including calls for service, stops, and arrests, were surveyed on a semi-monthly basis over 18 months, with approximately 100 interviews per month in each city. Since Schenectady police had long before installed dash-mounted cameras in its patrol vehicles and instituted procedures for routine recording of police-citizen encounters, the researchers also sampled recordings from among the 1,800 interactions for which there were completed citizen interviews. Relevant features of the police-citizen interactions were coded, using an observation protocol that built on the platform of more than 40 years of systematic social observation of police in the field. With these data, a measure of officers\u2019 procedural justice and a separate measure of officers\u2019 procedural injustice were formed. Because survey data on citizens\u2019 subjective experience could be linked to trained observers\u2019 coding of officers\u2019 and citizens\u2019 behavior, encounter by encounter, the researchers could, for the first time, analyze citizens\u2019 subjective experience in terms of independent measures of police behavior.<\/p>\n<p>The research in Schenectady and Syracuse showed that the effects of police action on citizens\u2019 sense of procedural justice have more to do with whether police authority is exercised than with how it is exercised.<a href=\"#3\"><sup>3<\/sup><\/a> Together the behavioral scales of officers\u2019 procedural justice and injustice explained only 12 percent of the variance in citizens\u2019 subjective procedural justice in Schenectady. These findings may be, but should not be, surprising. Previous research shows that citizens\u2019 judgments about their contacts with police are shaped by their prior attitudes toward the police: citizens who have positive attitudes toward the police, in general tend to interpret their encounters with police favorably, while citizens with negative attitudes tend to interpret their interactions with police unfavorably.<a href=\"#4\"><sup>4<\/sup><\/a> These more general attitudes, in turn, are affected by many factors. For example, citizens\u2019 trust in social institutions is subject to broad, long-term forces (e.g., post-material values).<a href=\"#5\"><sup>5<\/sup><\/a> General attitudes toward the police are influenced by the perceived level of social and physical disorder in one\u2019s neighborhood and the reputation of the local police (for good or ill).<a href=\"#6\"><sup>6<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>If the procedural justice of officers\u2019 actions did not have strong effects on citizens\u2019 judgments, the exercise of police authority\u2014and especially the authority to search\u2014did. Citizens whose persons or vehicles were searched (reportedly without their consent) were much less favorable in their views of their encounters with police, regardless of the procedural justice with which that authority was used. Nearly two-thirds of the citizens who were searched or frisked considered the search illegitimate; three-quarters of the citizens whose vehicles were searched considered the vehicle search illegitimate. Across both sites, the people who were searched or frisked comprised 5 percent of the contacts, 13.2 percent of the people whose procedural justice judgments were unfavorable, and 18.6 percent of those whose judgments were most unfavorable. The people whose vehicles were searched comprised 2.6 percent of the contacts and 7.8 percent of those whose procedural justice judgments were unfavorable. On the 33-point survey index, a search or frisk reduced perceived procedural justice by about 6 points, other things being equal; a vehicle search reduced the score by about 4 points.<a href=\"#7\"><sup>7<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<h3><big>Action Items<\/big><\/h3>\n<p>It might be possible to either prevent or repair the damage that searches\u2014even legal searches\u2014apparently do to citizens\u2019 attitudes. First, training in Rhode Island seems to have reduced both the frequency of and racial disparity in discretionary searches and also increased the productivity of searches. Recruit and inservice training curricula were revised to include a new or amplified segment on community race relations, bias-free policing, and traffic stop techniques. Rhode Island police appear to have conducted fewer searches without forgoing the crime control benefits.<a href=\"#8\"><sup>8<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Second, when police-citizen interactions involve frisks, searches, or the use of force, police supervisors could follow up with the citizens and, based on their review of the reported actions of the officers, contact the citizen to (a)\u00a0explain that the supervisor had reviewed the actions taken by the officers and found them to be proper; (b)\u00a0explain the policies and procedures that officers followed and the rationale for those policies and procedures; (c)\u00a0invite the citizen to ask questions or otherwise express their concerns about the incident; and (d)\u00a0express their interest in ensuring fairness and propriety in their officers\u2019 performance and in citizens\u2019 welfare. &#x2666;<\/p>\n<table width=\"420\" cellpadding=\"6\" align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"000080\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td bgcolor=\"e6f5ff\">This project was supported by Award No. 2010-IJ-CX-0027, awarded by the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Department of Justice.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><b>Notes:<\/b><br \/>\n<a name=\"1\"><\/a><sup>1<\/sup>Analysis also suggests that the use of physical force has similarly detrimental effects on citizens\u2019 judgments, but since the use of physical force is infrequent and the sample was limited to 411 encounters, the estimated effect is not so reliable as to support the same conclusion with similar confidence.<br \/>\n<a name=\"2\"><\/a><sup>2<\/sup>See Robert E. Worden and Sarah J. McLean, <i>Assessing Police Performance in Citizen Encounters: Police Legitimacy and Management Accountability<\/i> (Albany, NY: John F. Finn Institute for Public Safety, Inc., 2014), <a href=\"http:\/\/finninstitute.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/10\/Assessing-Police-Performance-in-Citizen-Encounters.pdf\">http:\/\/finninstitute.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/10\/Assessing-Police-Performance-in-Citizen-Encounters.pdf<\/a> (accessed September 30, 2015).<br \/>\n<a name=\"3\"><\/a><sup>3<\/sup>Worden and McLean, <i>Assessing Police Performance in Citizen Encounters<\/i>, chapter 8.<br \/>\n<a name=\"4\"><\/a><sup>4<\/sup>See Steven G. Brandl et al., \u201cGlobal and Specific Attitudes toward the Police: Disentangling the Relationship,\u201d <i>Justice Quarterly<\/i> 11, no. 1 (1994): 119\u2013134; Dennis P. Rosenbaum et al., \u201cAttitudes toward the Police: The Effects of Direct and Vicarious Experience,\u201d <i>Police Quarterly<\/i> 8, no. 3 (2005): 343\u2013365; Wesley G. Skogan, \u201cAsymmetry in the Impact of Encounters with Police,\u201d <i>Policing &amp; Society: An International Journal of Research and Policy<\/i> 16, no. 2 (2006): 99\u2013126.<br \/>\n<a name=\"5\"><\/a><sup>5<\/sup>Gary Orren, \u201cFall from Grace: The Public\u2019s Loss of Faith in Government,\u201d in <i>Why People Don\u2019t Trust Government<\/i>, eds. Joseph S. Nye, Jr., Philip D. Zelikow, and David C. King (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997), 77\u2013107.<br \/>\n<a name=\"6\"><\/a><sup>6<\/sup>See Worden and McLean, <i>Assessing Police Performance in Citizen Encounters<\/i>, chapters 4 and 5. Also see, e.g., Michael D. Reisig, and Roger B. Parks, \u201cExperience, Quality of Life, and Neighborhood Context: A Hierarchical Analysis of Satisfaction with Police,\u201d <i>Justice Quarterly<\/i> 17, no. 3 (2000): 607\u2013630; Anthony A. Braga et al., \u201cThe Salience of Social Contextual Factors in Appraisals of Police Interactions with Citizens: A Randomized Factorial Experiment,\u201d <i>Journal of Quantitative Criminology<\/i> 30, no. 4 (December 2014): 599\u2013627.<br \/>\n<a name=\"7\"><\/a><sup>7<\/sup>A similar pattern was found in an analysis of similar survey data from a third city, 2001\u20132004; see Robert E. Worden and Kelly J. Becker, \u201cPolice Searches, Procedural Justice, and Legitimacy in Investigatory Stops\u201d (presentation, Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences 52nd Annual Meeting, Orlando, Florida, March 6, 2015).<br \/>\n<a name=\"8\"><\/a><sup>8<\/sup>Jack McDevitt, Janice Iwama, and Lisa Bailey-Laguerre, <i>Rhode Island Traffic Stop Statistics Data Collection Study<\/i> (Boston, MA: Institute on Race and Justice, 2014), <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20151227230651\/http:\/\/nkpolice.org\/documents\/TRAFFIC%20STUDY%20RESULTS\/2014%20Traffic%20Stop%20Statistics%20FULL%20DATA.pdf\">http:\/\/www.nkpolice.org\/documents\/TRAFFIC%20STUDY%20RESULTS\/2014%20Traffic%20Stop%20Statistics%20FULL%20DATA.pdf<\/a> (accessed October 2, 2015).<\/p>\n<p>Please cite as<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: .5in;\">Robert E. Worden and Sarah J. McLean, \u201cPolice Legitimacy, Procedural Justice, and the Exercise of Police Authority,\u201d Research in Brief, <i>The Police Chief<\/i> 82 (November 2015): 14\u201316.<\/p>\n<p align=\"center\">\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A large body of survey research demonstrates that when people have contact with the police, the fairness with which police are perceived to act affects citizens\u2019 trust and confidence in the police and their sense that the police deserve to be obeyed\u2014that is, procedural justice by police shapes police legitimacy and obligation. Procedural justice is a matter of treating people with dignity and respect, giving them an opportunity to explain their situations and listening to what they have to say, and explaining what police have done or will do, so that it is clear that officers are taking account of people\u2019s needs and concerns and basing police decisions on facts. It is about not whether but how police exercise their authority. From this body of evidence, it would appear that police can \u201ccreate\u201d legitimacy by acting with procedural justice in their everyday encounters with citizens. As intuitive as this might seem, previous research and the authors\u2019 own study casts doubt on it. However, it was also found that citizens\u2019 perceptions of procedural justice are substantially affected by whether or not they are searched without their consent, and that finding may have implications for how police can nurture legitimacy.<a href=\"#1\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[160],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-20422","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-research-in-brief"],"acf":{"post_author":"<strong>Robert E. Worden, PhD, The John F. Finn Institute for Public Safety, University at Albany, SUNY <\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>\u00a0Sarah J. McLean, PhD, The John F. Finn Institute for Public Safety<\/strong>","legacy_article_id":"3959","legacy_issue_id":"112015","main_category":"Research in Brief"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.4 (Yoast SEO v24.6) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Research in Brief: Police Legitimacy, Procedural Justice, and the Exercise of Police Authority - Police Chief Magazine<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/research-in-brief-police-legitimacy-procedural-justice-and-the-exercise-of-police-authority\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Research in Brief: Police Legitimacy, Procedural Justice, and the Exercise of Police Authority\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A large body of survey research demonstrates that when people have contact with the police, the fairness with which police are perceived to act affects citizens\u2019 trust and confidence in the police and their sense that the police deserve to be obeyed\u2014that is, procedural justice by police shapes police legitimacy and obligation. Procedural justice is a matter of treating people with dignity and respect, giving them an opportunity to explain their situations and listening to what they have to say, and explaining what police have done or will do, so that it is clear that officers are taking account of people\u2019s needs and concerns and basing police decisions on facts. It is about not whether but how police exercise their authority. From this body of evidence, it would appear that police can \u201ccreate\u201d legitimacy by acting with procedural justice in their everyday encounters with citizens. As intuitive as this might seem, previous research and the authors\u2019 own study casts doubt on it. 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Procedural justice is a matter of treating people with dignity and respect, giving them an opportunity to explain their situations and listening to what they have to say, and explaining what police have done or will do, so that it is clear that officers are taking account of people\u2019s needs and concerns and basing police decisions on facts. It is about not whether but how police exercise their authority. From this body of evidence, it would appear that police can \u201ccreate\u201d legitimacy by acting with procedural justice in their everyday encounters with citizens. As intuitive as this might seem, previous research and the authors\u2019 own study casts doubt on it. However, it was also found that citizens\u2019 perceptions of procedural justice are substantially affected by whether or not they are searched without their consent, and that finding may have implications for how police can nurture legitimacy.1","og_url":"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/research-in-brief-police-legitimacy-procedural-justice-and-the-exercise-of-police-authority\/","og_site_name":"Police Chief Magazine","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/TheIACP","article_published_time":"2015-11-01T17:00:00+00:00","article_modified_time":"2024-10-08T18:18:45+00:00","author":"matrixsuperadmin","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@TheIACP","twitter_site":"@TheIACP","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"matrixsuperadmin","Est. reading time":"7 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/research-in-brief-police-legitimacy-procedural-justice-and-the-exercise-of-police-authority\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/research-in-brief-police-legitimacy-procedural-justice-and-the-exercise-of-police-authority\/"},"author":{"name":"matrixsuperadmin","@id":"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/#\/schema\/person\/845991022f6502e521826e97f251a3f0"},"headline":"Research in Brief: Police Legitimacy, Procedural Justice, and the Exercise of Police Authority","datePublished":"2015-11-01T17:00:00+00:00","dateModified":"2024-10-08T18:18:45+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/research-in-brief-police-legitimacy-procedural-justice-and-the-exercise-of-police-authority\/"},"wordCount":1349,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/#organization"},"articleSection":["Research in Brief"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/research-in-brief-police-legitimacy-procedural-justice-and-the-exercise-of-police-authority\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/research-in-brief-police-legitimacy-procedural-justice-and-the-exercise-of-police-authority\/","url":"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/research-in-brief-police-legitimacy-procedural-justice-and-the-exercise-of-police-authority\/","name":"Research in Brief: Police Legitimacy, Procedural Justice, and the Exercise of Police Authority - 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