{"id":20547,"date":"2016-05-01T12:00:00","date_gmt":"2016-05-01T16:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/iacpmag.wp.matrixdev.net\/graham-v-connoris-objective-reasonableness-good-enough\/"},"modified":"2017-01-12T13:26:46","modified_gmt":"2017-01-12T18:26:46","slug":"graham-v-connoris-objective-reasonableness-good-enough","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/graham-v-connoris-objective-reasonableness-good-enough\/","title":{"rendered":"Chief\u2019s Counsel: Graham v. Connor\u2013Is Objective Reasonableness Good Enough?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a name=\"top\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Recent police shootings and other uses of force against allegedly unarmed individuals have generated a lively discussion on whether police uses of force are appropriate and by what standards they should be judged.<\/p>\n<p>Twenty-seven years ago, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that all police officer uses of force against pretrial detainees are to be judged by the objective reasonableness standard of <i>Graham v. Connor.<\/i> In <i>Graham,<\/i> an officer thought he saw an armed robbery being committed by Graham. The officer stopped the car Graham was riding in and took steps to immobilize Graham but encountered resistance. Graham was injured as a result of police action. However, Graham was not a robber\u2014he was a diabetic who was having an insulin reaction.<sup>1<\/sup> The <i>Graham<\/i> decision holds that all police officer uses of force against free citizens should be judged against the Fourth Amendment\u2019s proscription of unreasonable seizures\u2014not by hindsight, but by an objective review of the facts confronting the officer.<sup>2<\/sup> The officer\u2019s own personal feelings, fear, anger, and frustration are not considered, rather the test is based on the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene. Courts evaluate the reasonableness of the officer\u2019s actions based upon whether a reasonable officer standing in the shoes of the officer who used force would reasonably perceive there was a need to use the amount of force used in the given situation.<\/p>\n<p>However, at least one group of police executives think <i>Graham<\/i> isn\u2019t good enough. The Police Executive Research Forum (PERF) published a position paper that strongly recommends 30 guiding principles for law enforcement agencies on use of force. The first and most controversial principle states, \u201cDepartments should adopt policies that hold themselves to a higher standard than the legal requirements of <i>Graham v. Connor.<\/i>\u201d According to PERF, Graham is \u201cnecessary but not sufficient,\u201d because it does not provide police with sufficient guidance on the use of force.<sup>3<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Many in law enforcement are highly critical of PERF\u2019s suggestion. The International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) issued a statement on February 19, 2016, that said it was \u201cextremely concerned about calls to require law enforcement agencies to unilaterally, and haphazardly, establish use of force guidelines that exceed the \u2018objectively reasonable\u2019 standard\u201d from nearly 30 years ago. The IACP statement pointed out that \u201ca multitude of differing policies and use of force standards throughout the United States would, undoubtedly, lead to both confusion and hesitation on behalf of law enforcement officers, which, in turn, would threaten both their safety and that of the citizens they are sworn to protect.\u201d<sup>4<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Others question the motivation for this PERF guideline, suggesting that the organization is simply giving in to political correctness to appease a vocal segment of society supported by the news media, interest groups, and politicians who have no idea how quickly an incident can escalate.<sup>5<\/sup> Given that much of the narrative spread by the media and interest groups about police uses of force is wrong, should agencies deviate from 30 years of well-settled law?<sup>6<\/sup> It seems that, based in part on those false narratives, PERF is suggesting that officers be disciplined for using objectively reasonable force.<sup>7<\/sup> Some are even more blunt in their criticism and suggest that following this PERF suggestion will get cops killed.<sup>8<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Force can be brutal. Force can be ugly. But the standard needs to be flexible and take the totality of the circumstances the officer faced into account. Use of force does not lend itself to a one-size-fits-all test of reasonableness. As Justice Rehnquist\u2019s statement pointed out in <i>Graham,<\/i> \u201c[t]he test of reasonableness is not capable of precise definition or mechanical application.\u201d<sup>9<\/sup> \u2666<\/p>\n<p><b>Notes:<\/b><br \/>\n<sup>1<\/sup><i>Graham v. Conner,<\/i> 490 U.S. 386 (1989).<br \/>\n<sup>2<\/sup>In favoring a Fourth Amendment analysis of excessive force claims, the court rejected judging such claims under a substantive due process approach. <i>Id.<\/i> at 395.<br \/>\nThe court indicated the test of reasonableness turns on the objective facts of each case, including the severity of the crime at issue, whether the suspect poses an immediate threat to the safety of the officers or others, and whether the suspect is actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by flight. <i>Graham,<\/i> 490 U.S. at 396.<br \/>\n<sup>3<\/sup>Some of the PERF suggestions are less controversial, for example: more scenario-based training, requiring more in-depth education on dealing with persons with mental illness, and expecting officers to render first aid to suspects after a use of force. Some of these suggestions are dictated by relevant case law. See, e.g., <i>City of Revere v. Massachusetts Gen. Hosp.,<\/i> 463 U.S. 239 (1983) (a city had a duty to provide medical treatment for a person injured by police). Police Executive Research Forum (PERF), <i>Use of Force: Taking Policing to a Higher Standard, 30 Guiding Principles,<\/i> Critical Issues in Policing Series, January 29, 2016, http:\/\/www.policeforum.org\/assets\/30%20guiding%20principles.pdf (accessed March 17, 2016).<br \/>\n<sup>4<\/sup>International Association of Chiefs of Police, \u201cStatement of the International Association of Chiefs of Police on Law Enforcement Use of Force,\u201d February 19, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/us2.campaign-archive1.com\/?u=01a61aed1b7184b33174080d0&amp;id=275d6548e8\">http:\/\/us2.campaign-archive1.com\/?u=01a61aed1b7184b33174080d0&amp;id=275d6548e8<\/a> (accessed February 29, 2016).<br \/>\n<sup>5<\/sup>According to <em>Force Science News<\/em>, responses came from police attorneys, administrators, command staff, trainers, and line officers. \u201cReaders Respond to PERF Recommendations,\u201d <em>Force Science News<\/em>\u00a0304 (March 2016).<br \/>\n<sup>6<\/sup>Heather McDonald suggests that the message of Black Lives Matter\u2014that killer cops are the biggest threat to young black men today\u2014is fictional. Discussing data emerging from a Washington Post database on police shootings, McDonald states, \u201cFor starters, fatal police shootings make up a much larger proportion of white and Hispanic homicide deaths than black homicide deaths. According to the Post database, in 2015, officers killed 662 whites and Hispanics and 258 blacks. (The overwhelming majority of all those police-involved shooting victims were attacking the officer, often with a gun.)\u201d Heather McDonald, \u201cThe Myths of Black Lives Matter,\u201d <i>Wall Street Journal,<\/i> February 11, 2016.<br \/>\n<sup>7<\/sup>\u201cFollowing PERF\u2019s suggestion would result in another level of scrutiny that will cause officers to be disciplined when they act within the law but outside of these new policies.\u201d The comment further suggests that adoption of this PERF suggestion requiring officers to exercise restraint that exceeds the \u201cobjective reasonableness\u201d standard implies that they have to be <i>unreasonably cautious<\/i> in their actions. Tim Barfield, \u201cBecoming Knights, Will PERF\u2019s New UOF Recommendations Put Cops in Danger? A Real-World Example,\u201d <i>PoliceOne,<\/i> February 16, 2016, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.policeone.com\/use-of-force\/articles\/75734006-Will-PERFs-new-UOF-recommendations-put-cops-in-danger-A-real-world-example\">http:\/\/www.policeone.com\/use-of-force\/articles\/75734006-Will-PERFs-new-UOF-recommendations-put-cops-in-danger-A-real-world-example<\/a> (accessed February 29, 2016).<br \/>\n<sup>8<\/sup>Ibid.<br \/>\n<sup>9<\/sup><i>Graham,<\/i> 490 U.S. at 396, quoting <i>Bell v. Wolfish,<\/i> 441 U.S. 520, 559 (1979).<\/p>\n<p>Please cite as<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: .5in;\">John J. Knoll, \u201c<i>Graham v. Connor<\/i>\u2013Is Objective Reasonableness Good Enough?\u201d Chief&#8217;s Counsel, <i>The Police Chief<\/i> 83 (May 2016): 18\u201319.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Recent police shootings and other uses of force against allegedly unarmed individuals have generated a lively discussion on whether police uses of force are appropriate and by what standards they should be judged.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[159],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-20547","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-chiefs-counsel"],"acf":{"post_author":"<strong>John J. 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