{"id":41167,"date":"2018-03-21T08:00:00","date_gmt":"2018-03-21T12:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/?p=41167"},"modified":"2024-09-30T14:14:28","modified_gmt":"2024-09-30T18:14:28","slug":"collaborative-partnerships-and-the-dna-testing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/collaborative-partnerships-and-the-dna-testing\/","title":{"rendered":"Collaborative Partnerships and the DNA Testing of Unsubmitted SAKs"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>For many years, recommendations have been made for law enforcement agencies to form collaborative working relationships with local academic institutions. The benefit of these collaborations to law enforcement is acquisition of research capabilities beyond what most agencies possess internally; for academic institutions, collaboration can provide access to a highly sought-after commodity\u2014law enforcement data.\u00a0<span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Currently, an exciting opportunity exists in the United States for this type of collaborative partnership, stemming from the Bureau of Justice Assistance\u2019s National Sexual Assault Kit Initiative to forensically test and follow up (via investigation and prosecution) on evidence obtained from unsubmitted sexual assault kits (SAKs).<span data-fontsize=\"11\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/span> Over the past several decades, hundreds of thousands of SAKs were collected and preserved across the United States, but many of them were never submitted for DNA testing. This initiative to test previously unsubmitted SAKs provides an opportunity to access previously untapped data, having the potential to significantly increase what is known about sexual assault and those who perpetrate it.\u00a0<span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>An example of a productive law enforcement\u2013academic collaborative working relationship currently exists in Cuyahoga County (Cleveland), Ohio. In 2013, the Cuyahoga County Prosecutor\u2019s Office established the SAK Task Force (Task Force), which consists primarily of investigators, victim advocates, and prosecutors working as a team to follow up on the testing of nearly 5,000 previously unsubmitted SAKs in the county.<span data-fontsize=\"11\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/span> Researchers from the Begun Center for Violence Prevention Research and Education at Case Western Reserve University were granted unprecedented access to be an embedded research partner\u2014conducting participant observation at Task Force meetings and trainings, interviewing Task Force members, and obtaining access to the prosecutor\u2019s office case management system, which includes original police reports, investigative reports, medical records, criminal histories, and laboratory reports. This level of access was granted with the understanding that successful collaborations require a high level of trust and communication among partners.<span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><b>Data Resulting from the Collaboration<\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The research team created a database of the case files from the prosecutors\u2019 office that encompassed a 20-year period (1992 to 2012, with the majority of sexual assaults in the files occurring from 1993 through 1999), which has, thus far, resulted in a sample of 433 completed case files that were coded for more than 500 unique variables. The variables included information on the offender, the victim, the SAK, the sexual assault, the investigation (then and now), and the prosecution (then and now).\u00a0<span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Access to such a large quantity of high-level law enforcement data permitted researchers to make some important findings regarding serial sex offenders.<span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>These data provide an opportunity to greatly expand on what is known about serial sex offenders. Linkages between multiple sexual assault reports made via DNA provide for more expansive and more objective data than previous research on the topic, which primarily relied on uncovering multiple convictions or offenders\u2019 self-reporting of multiple offenses.\u00a0<span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Much of the past research on serial sex offenders has been limited to those who have sexually assaulted multiple strangers. However, the current DNA-derived data provide the ability to identify a broader group of serial sex offenders (i.e., those who sexually assault only strangers, those who sexually assault only non-strangers, or those who sexually assault both strangers and non-strangers). Findings from this collaborative initiative in Cuyahoga County show that offenders appear to frequently \u201ccross over\u201d, sexually assaulting both strangers and non-strangers (also known as sexual polymorphism), often drastically varying their offending patterns (or modus operandi or MO) across offenses.\u00a0\u00a0<span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><b>Key Findings<\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><b>\u201cStranger<\/b><b>&#8211;<\/b><b>Only\u201d Offenders<\/b>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>While the sample of cases collected by the research team disproportionally contains serial sex offenders, and sexual assaults committed by strangers, the researchers found that 57 percent of serial sex offenders with more than one unsubmitted SAK coded in their sample were<i> \u201c<\/i>stranger-only\u201d offenders.<span data-fontsize=\"11\"><sup>3<\/sup><\/span> \u201cStranger-only\u201d offenders tended to exhibit the greatest amount of consistency in their MO across offenses. The majority consistently (in all the sexual assaults linked to them) moved or transported victims from the site of the first contact and frequently made the first contact with the victims outdoors or outside; half consistently used weapons to threaten victims; and half consistently used some form of bodily force during the sexual assault.\u00a0<span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>However, these stranger-only offenders exhibited inconsistency when examining the age of their victims\u2014they frequented sexually assaulted individuals who were considerably younger and considerably older than themselves.<span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Additionally, 70 percent also varied their means of accessing victims across offenses. The most common means of accessing a victim, by this type offender was an immediate attack (\u201cblitz\u201d), followed by (in order of frequency): forcing the victim into a car; offering the victim a ride; and, finally, taking advantage of the victim\u2019s offer of or request for assistance.<span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><b>\u201cStranger and Non-Stranger\u201d Offenders<\/b>\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Over a quarter (28 percent) of serial sex offenders in the sample (which, again, is disproportionally comprised of sexual assaults committed by strangers) sexually assaulted both strangers and non-strangers. These offenders significantly varied their offending patterns across offenses concerning the victims\u2019 ages, places of the first contact, means of access, use of weapons, and use of force. For example, one offender sexually assaulted a 13-year-old girl (a stranger) at a party and, two months later, sexually assaulted his 3-year-old son. Another offender sexually assaulted two females in separate incidences and, in a third offense, sexually assaulted a sleeping 29-year-old man living in a group home. Of the three groups, this group varied their offending patterns the most.<span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><b>\u201cNon-Stranger<\/b><b>&#8211;<\/b><b>Only\u201d Offenders<\/b><\/span>\u00a0<span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Over 15 percent of serial sex offenders in the sample assaulted only non-strangers. Their level of consistency in offending pattern was high, similar to that of stranger-only offenders. However, unlike what was observed in stranger-only offenders, this consistency extended to their victims\u2019 ages, which was often similar to their own. In most cases, the offender\u2019s relationships with the victims were found to be either casual or a recent acquaintance. Most non-stranger assaults occurred in residences and did not involve weapons or bodily force.\u00a0<span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><b>Key Takeaways<\/b><\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Based on the findings presented here, some long-standing beliefs regarding serial sexual offenders may now be in question, including the perception that serial sex offenders consistently show preference for a certain \u201ctype\u201d of victim. Investigators often attempt to identify unknown assailants by linking crimes with similar offending patterns, especially patterns that pertain to victims of similar race, age, sex, and relationship to the offender. The research coming from Cuyahoga County shows that serial sex offenders follow an offending pattern\u202f\u2026 until they don\u2019t. Therefore, relying on traditional offending pattern (e.g., race, age, sex, relationship) analysis has the potential to result in overlooking sexual assaults that are linked but do not fit the pattern.\u00a0<span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Additionally, the sheer number of serial sex offenders identified as a result of this initiative has been surprising to all involved.<span data-fontsize=\"11\"><sup>4<\/sup><\/span> This outcome has important implications for current investigative policy and practice, impacting how law enforcement views victims and offenders as well as the crime itself. This finding identifies the need to update training for first responders on conducting victim interviews and collecting forensic evidence in what can likely be a series of sexual offenses. It also identifies the need to provide follow-up investigators with updated training and resources to thoroughly investigate suspects for the possibility of serial perpetration. The recommended training should emphasize viewing sexual assault offenses as being course-of-conduct\u2014based crimes rather than being incident-based crimes. This will shift the primary focus of these investigations to an offender\u2019s ongoing (serial) behavior, mirroring an approach that has been successful in domestic violence investigations.<span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>The collaborative law enforcement\u2013academic working relationship in Cuyahoga County is producing research findings that are helping shape new evidence-based strategies for the investigation and prosecution of sexual assault. All across the United States, the push to test previously unsubmitted SAKs and the reinvestigation of those cases are providing the same opportunity for others to gather these critically important data. In addition, establishing a collaborative working relationship with local academic institutions provides law enforcement executives the opportunity to publicly demonstrate their commitment to better serving sexual assault victims while holding perpetrators accountable and making their communities safer.\u00a0<span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<aside class=\"pullout pullout--wide alignleft\"><\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><b>Acknowledgments<\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/h5>\n<p>This article is derived from research conducted by an entire team of researchers. For more details on the research and findings, see Rachel Lovell et al., \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ojp.gov\/ncjrs\/virtual-library\/abstracts\/offending-patterns-serial-sex-offenders-identified-dna-testing\">Offending Patterns for Serial Sex Offenders Identified via the DNA Testing of Previously Unsubmitted Sexual Assault Kits<\/a>,\u201d <i>Journal of Criminal Justice<\/i>, 52, 68\u201378.<span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>This research was partially supported by Grant Nos. 2015-AK-BX-K009 and 2016-AK-BK-K016 awarded by the Bureau of Justice Assistance. The Bureau of Justice Assistance is a component of the U.S. Department of Justice\u2019s Office of Justice Programs, which also includes the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the National Institute of Justice, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, the Office for Victims of Crime, and the SMART Office. Points of view or opinions in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. The pilot research was supported by a research grant from the Cuyahoga County Prosecutor\u2019s Office.<\/p>\n<p><\/aside>\n<hr \/>\n<p><b>Dan R. Clark<\/b> is a contracted consultant with IACP for the OVC Integrity, Action, and Justice: Strengthening Law Enforcement Response to Domestic and Sexual Violence National Demonstration Initiative. In 2017, he worked as a research assistant with the Begun Center for Violence Prevention Research and Education at Case Western Reserve University after spending the previous two years as a special investigator with the Sexual Assault Kit Task Force in the Cuyahoga County Prosecutor\u2019s Office. Mr. Clark served 26 years in the City of Lakewood, Ohio, Division of Police, retiring as chief.\u00a0<span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Rachel Lovell<\/b>, PhD, is a sociologist and methodologist who studies gender-based violence and victimization, particularly sexual assault, human sex trafficking and sex work, and intimate partner violence. She is the lead researcher on the Cuyahoga County Sexual Assault Kit (SAK) Research Project, which is an action research study that examines untested SAKs in Cuyahoga County, Ohio. She is a senior research associate at the Begun Center for Violence Prevention Research and Education at the Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences at Case Western Reserve University. Dr. Lovell received her PhD in sociology from the Ohio State University in 2007.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><b>Notes:<\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><sup>1<\/sup> Bureau of Justice Assistance, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bja.gov\/ProgramDetails.aspx?Program_ID=117\">National Sexual Assault Kit Initiative<\/a>,\u201d March 14, 2018.\u00a0<span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:480}\">\u00a0<\/span><br \/>\n<span data-fontsize=\"11\"><sup>2<\/sup> <\/span>Cuyahoga County Office of the Prosecutor, \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/prosecutor.cuyahogacounty.us\/en-US\/2015-09-10-pr-doj-awards-office-2-million.aspx\">Department of Justice Awards $2 Million to Cuyahoga County Sexual Assault Kit Task Force<\/a>,\u201d news release, September 10, 2015.<br \/>\n<span data-fontsize=\"11\"><sup>3<\/sup><\/span> \u201cSerial sex offenders\u201d are defined as individuals associated \u201cwith more than one linked SAK (\u2018kit[s]-to-kit\u2019)\u202f\u2026 or one SAK and at least one arrest\u201d for a registerable sexually-based offense\u2014an offense that, if convicted, would have required them to register as a sex offender in Ohio \u201c(\u2018kit[s] plus criminal history\u2019).\u201d Rachel Lovell et al., \u201cOffending Patterns for Serial Sex Offenders Identified via the DNA Testing of Previously Unsubmitted Sexual Assault Kits,\u201d <i>Journal of Criminal Justice<\/i> 52 (September 2017): 68\u201378.<span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:480}\">\u00a0<\/span><br \/>\n<span data-fontsize=\"11\"><sup>4<\/sup><\/span> The disproportionate number of serial sex offenders is due to their prioritization by the Task Force for investigation and prosecution, and the high number of stranger-only cases is due to the sample consisting of cases that were not successfully prosecuted.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>For many years, recommendations have been made for law enforcement agencies to form collaborative working relationships with local academic institutions. The benefit of these collaborations to law enforcement is acquisition of research capabilities beyond what most agencies possess internally; for academic institutions, collaboration can provide access to a highly sought-after commodity\u2014law enforcement data.\u00a0<span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":29938,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[173,128,136,145,149],"tags":[340,393,708],"class_list":["post-41167","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bonus-online-article","category-crime-violence","category-investigations","category-research-evidence-based-policing","category-victim-services","tag-data-analytics","tag-dna","tag-sexual-assault"],"acf":{"post_author":"Dan R. Clark, Chief (Ret.), City of Lakewood, Ohio, Division of Police, and Rachel Lovell, Lead Researcher, Cuyahoga County, Ohio, Sexual Assault Kit Research Project","main_category":"Research & Evidence-Based Policing","legacy_article_id":"","legacy_issue_id":""},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.4 (Yoast SEO v24.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Collaborative Partnerships and the DNA Testing of Unsubmitted SAKs - Police Chief Magazine<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Currently, an exciting opportunity exists in the United States for this type of collaborative partnership, stemming from the Bureau of Justice Assistance\u2019s National Sexual Assault Kit Initiative to forensically test and follow up (via investigation and prosecution) on evidence obtained from unsubmitted sexual assault kits (SAKs).\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, 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