{"id":41279,"date":"2018-04-01T00:01:24","date_gmt":"2018-04-01T04:01:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/?p=41279"},"modified":"2018-03-28T14:17:48","modified_gmt":"2018-03-28T18:17:48","slug":"research-in-brief-the-abcs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/research-in-brief-the-abcs\/","title":{"rendered":"Research in Brief: The ABCs of Unintentional Discharges"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"DEPT-TEXT-DROP-CAP-2014\"><span class=\"_idGenDropcap-1\">P<\/span><span class=\"CharOverride-32\">revention of the unintentional discharge (UD) of firearms is a goal that all law enforcement agencies strive toward. A UD is an \u201cactivation of the trigger mechanism that results in an unplanned discharge that is outside of the firearm\u2019s prescribed use<\/span><span class=\"CharOverride-9\">.\u201d<\/span><span class=\"CharOverride-30\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-28934 size-medium\" src=\"http:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Gun-and-Bullet-300x233.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"233\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Gun-and-Bullet-300x233.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Gun-and-Bullet-768x597.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Gun-and-Bullet-1024x796.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Gun-and-Bullet.jpg 1944w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"DEPT-TEXT-2014\">An operational definition is paramount to an empirical analysis. This definition encompasses, without attribution of blame, events that result from the complacent handling of a firearm (often referred to as accidental or negligent discharges), those associated with involuntary muscle contractions, and discharges that result from compromised structural integrity of the firearm.<span class=\"CharOverride-30\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/span> Often, one looks to the officer\u2019s behavior or the firearm design to assign fault. However, it has been proposed that a wide variety of other contextual factors might influence the occurrence of UDs (e.g., stress, fatigue, training, drugs, attention, and firearm design).<span class=\"CharOverride-30\"><sup>3<\/sup><\/span> While appreciated as pioneering work in the understanding of UDs, there has been a reliance on theoretical generalizations and anecdotal evidence to support these claims. Information gleaned from an empirical analysis, one that can be verified through direct observation, can lead to a more complete and clear understanding of the issue.<\/p>\n<p class=\"DEPT-TEXT-2014\">In an attempt to further identify conditions under which UDs might occur, the authors developed a standardized method for categorizing the events. Reports were studied using techniques regularly employed by practitioners of applied behavior analysis. An antecedent-behavior-consequence (ABC) approach identified the specific conditions associated with each UD. An <em><span class=\"PALATINO-NOVA-PRO-ITAL\">antecedent<\/span><\/em> is an event, action, or context that precedes and sets the occasion for a behavior (e.g., cleaning a firearm); a <em><span class=\"PALATINO-NOVA-PRO-ITAL\">behavior<\/span><\/em> is an observable, measurable action (e.g., flexion of the finger muscles); and a <em><span class=\"PALATINO-NOVA-PRO-ITAL\">consequence<\/span><\/em> is an event that follows the behavior (e.g., activation of the trigger mechanism and firearm discharge). By using this approach, the factors commonly associated with UDs in practice can be identified.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"DEPT-ARTICLE-SUBHEAD-2014\"><span style=\"color: #1b2e4f;\"><strong>Present Study<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"DEPT-TEXT-2014\">The primary purpose of the study was to validate the research team\u2019s prior work on 137 reports and to strengthen the empirical literature with a novel sample. In the new study, a total of 171 pre-existing (1992\u20132016) official reports were analyzed using the procedures outlined in the previous research.<span class=\"CharOverride-30\"><sup>4<\/sup><\/span> Reports were obtained from three law enforcement agencies in the United States and from one non-U.S. agency. All agencies provided approval for the confidential analysis and publication of the data contained in the reports.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"DEPT-ARTICLE-SUBHEAD-2014\"><span style=\"color: #1b2e4f;\">Results<\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"DEPT-TEXT-2014\">In total, 46 models (e.g., semi-auto pistols, revolvers, rifles, and shotguns) from 16 different firearm manufacturers were reported, including a substantial sample (28 percent) of semi-auto pistols with double-action\u2013only trigger mechanisms. Interestingly, the results from this study complement many of the findings reported previously. This finding provides additional support for the notion that UDs can and do occur across a wide variety of firearms, regardless of design, trigger mechanism, or trigger poundage. Routine tasks were again associated with the largest number of UDs, followed by muscle co-activations, unfamiliar tasks, and contact with objects, respectively. A noteworthy finding from the present study was that 4 percent of reports provided evidence of a startle response across multiple modalities (i.e., auditory, somatosensory, and visual stimuli). This is the first documented empirical evidence of startle-induced UDs since researcher Dr. Roger Enoka formally introduced the idea in 2003.<span class=\"CharOverride-30\"><sup>5<\/sup><\/span> In fact, the present study even found evidence of a double UD: the report involved a muscle co-activation on the part of one officer and a startle response of another. Partner officers were responding to a call, during which the first officer jumped over a ditch, lost his or her balance, fell, and unintentionally discharged his or her shotgun. Nearby, the officer\u2019s partner was holding a rifle, was startled by the unexpected blast, and unintentionally discharged his or her rifle, as well. Miraculously, no one was injured.<\/p>\n<p class=\"DEPT-TEXT-2014\">However, injuries were more common in this study\u2019s sample than in previous ones and occurred in 20 percent of reports. Individuals injured included the officer (75 percent), a fellow officer (13 percent), or a suspect (13 percent). Within the reports that resulted in injuries, officer behaviors included routine firearm tasks (48 percent); muscle co-activation (16 percent); contact with an object: inanimate, animate, or officer apparel (14 percent); not otherwise specified (11 percent); unfamiliar tasks such as transferring the firearm between hands (7 percent); and a startle response (5 percent). Deaths were also more common in the present sample and occurred in 8 percent of reports, including the death of suspects (85 percent) or fellow officers (15 percent). Within the cases that resulted in deaths, muscle co-activation was associated with the vast majority of reports (80 percent) with the remaining cases not otherwise specified. These findings suggest that injuries and deaths may be more prevalent than previously reported and might be more likely to result from involuntary muscle contractions, as compared to other officer behaviors.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"DEPT-ARTICLE-SUBHEAD-2014\"><span style=\"color: #1b2e4f;\">Action Items and Recommendations<\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"DEPT-TEXT-2014 ParaOverride-31\">Regularly updated information will aid in the design of proactive firearms safety training, as well as retraining and re-qualification procedures to prevent UDs. In addition, a centralized repository for confidential reports will greatly improve the field\u2019s understanding of the conditions under which UDs are likely to occur, thus guiding efforts to reduce these incidents and improve officer safety. <span style=\"color: #1b2e4f;\">♦<\/span><\/p>\n<table id=\"table001\" class=\"Basic-Table\" style=\"background-color: #d9e2f2;\">\n<colgroup>\n<col class=\"_idGenTableRowColumn-1\" \/><\/colgroup>\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"Basic-Table _idGenTableRowColumn-2\">\n<td class=\"Basic-Table CellOverride-1\">\n<p class=\"DEPT-TEXT-2014 ParaOverride-11\"><span class=\"CharOverride-61\">For an in-depth analysis of the study\u2019s results, see John O\u2019Neill, Mark E. Hartman, Dawn A. O\u2019Neill, and William J. Lewinski, \u201cFurther Analysis of the Unintentional Discharge of Firearms in Law Enforcement,\u201d <\/span><em><span class=\"CharOverride-62\">Applied Ergonomics<\/span><\/em> <span class=\"CharOverride-61\">68 (2018): 267\u2013272.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"DEPT-FOOTNOTE-2014 ParaOverride-11\"><span class=\"PALATINO-NOVA-PRO-BOLD\"><strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"DEPT-FOOTNOTE-2014\"><span class=\"CharOverride-30\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/span>John O\u2019Neill, Dawn A. O\u2019Neill, and William J. Lewinski, \u201cA Behavior Analysis of Unintentional Discharges,\u201d <em><span class=\"PALATINO-NOVA-PRO-ITAL\">The Police Chief<\/span> <\/em>83, no. 11 (November 2016): 14\u201315, citing John O\u2019Neill, Dawn A. O\u2019Neill, and William J. Lewinski, \u201cToward a Taxonomy of the Unintentional Discharge of Firearms in Law Enforcement,\u201d <em><span class=\"PALATINO-NOVA-PRO-ITAL\">Applied Ergonomics<\/span> <\/em>59 (2017): 283\u2013292.<\/p>\n<p class=\"DEPT-FOOTNOTE-2014\"><span class=\"CharOverride-30\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/span>Roger M. Enoka, \u201cInvoluntary Muscle Contractions and the Unintentional Discharge of a Firearm,\u201d <em><span class=\"PALATINO-NOVA-PRO-ITAL\">Law Enforcement Executive Forum<\/span><\/em> 3, no. 2 (2003): 27\u201339.<\/p>\n<p class=\"DEPT-FOOTNOTE-2014\"><span class=\"CharOverride-30\"><sup>3<\/sup><\/span>Hal W. Hendrick, Paul Paradis, and Richard J. Hornick, \u201cHuman Factors Causes of Unintentional Shootings,\u201d in <em><span class=\"PALATINO-NOVA-PRO-ITAL\">Human Factors Issues in Handgun Safety and Forensics<\/span><\/em> (Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis Group, 2008), 15\u201330.<\/p>\n<p class=\"DEPT-FOOTNOTE-2014\"><span class=\"CharOverride-30\"><sup>4<\/sup><\/span>O\u2019Neill, O\u2019Neill, and Lewinski, \u201cA Behavior Analysis of Unintentional Discharges.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"DEPT-FOOTNOTE-2014\"><span class=\"CharOverride-30\"><sup>5<\/sup><\/span>Enoka, \u201cInvoluntary Muscle Contractions and the Unintentional Discharge of a Firearm.\u201d<\/p>\n<aside class=\"pullout pullout--wide alignleft\"><span class=\"CharOverride-63\">The opinions expressed in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the IACP. The presence of this content in <\/span><span class=\"CharOverride-64\">Police Chief<\/span><span class=\"CharOverride-63\"> does not indicate endorsement by the IACP. <\/span><\/aside>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p>Please cite as:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">John O\u2019Neill et al., \u201cThe ABCs of Unintentional Discharges,\u201d Research in Brief, <em>The Police Chief<\/em> 85, no. 4 (April 2018): 14\u201315.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p class=\"DEPT-TEXT-DROP-CAP-2014\"><span class=\"_idGenDropcap-1\">P<\/span><span class=\"CharOverride-32\">revention of the unintentional discharge (UD) of firearms is a goal that all law enforcement agencies strive toward. A UD is an \u201cactivation of the trigger mechanism that results in an unplanned discharge that is outside of the firearm\u2019s prescribed use<\/span><span class=\"CharOverride-9\">.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"DEPT-TEXT-2014\">\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[152,160],"tags":[718],"class_list":["post-41279","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-columns","category-research-in-brief","tag-research-in-brief"],"acf":{"post_author":"John O\u2019Neill, PhD, BCBA-D; Mark E. Hartman, MA, MS; Dawn A. O\u2019Neill, PhD, BCBA; and William J. Lewinski, PhD, Force Science Institute, Ltd., Mankato, Minnesota","main_category":"Research in Brief","legacy_article_id":"","legacy_issue_id":""},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.4 (Yoast SEO v24.5) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Research in Brief: The ABCs of Unintentional Discharges - Police Chief Magazine<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/research-in-brief-the-abcs\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Research in Brief: The ABCs of Unintentional Discharges\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Prevention of the unintentional discharge (UD) of firearms is a goal that all law enforcement agencies strive toward. 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