{"id":47786,"date":"2019-02-01T08:00:24","date_gmt":"2019-02-01T13:00:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/?p=47786"},"modified":"2025-03-04T14:58:26","modified_gmt":"2025-03-04T19:58:26","slug":"violence-against-law-enforcement-personnel-responding-to-incidents-of-mass-violence","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/violence-against-law-enforcement-personnel-responding-to-incidents-of-mass-violence\/","title":{"rendered":"Violence Against Law Enforcement Personnel Responding to Incidents of Mass Violence: Rethinking Foundational Principles, Training, and Equipment to Save Officers"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"color: #9a1b22;\"><strong>Persons <span style=\"color: #9a1b22;\">motivated<\/span> by a range of ideological beliefs and other individual factors have engaged in acts of mass violence with increasing frequency and lethality.<\/strong><sup>1<\/sup> <strong>As perpetrators of these attacks arm themselves with high-caliber weapons and high-capacity magazines and use or threaten to use improvised explosive devices (IEDs), it is important to acknowledge that civilians are not the only intended targets of these violent attacks. Perpetrators of recent attacks have also been determined to engage, injure, or kill law enforcement officers and other first responders.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>According to the FBI, 13 law enforcement officers were killed and 20 were wounded while responding to active shooter incidents in the United States in 2016 and 2017.<sup>2<\/sup> In July 2016, a gunman killed five law enforcement officers and injured nine others in Dallas, Texas. Less than three weeks later, three law enforcement officers were killed and three others were injured in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, when the perpetrator began shooting at officers responding to reports of a man carrying a weapon.<sup>3<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>In 2018, this troubling trend continued in Florence, South Carolina; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Thousand Oaks, California; and Chicago, Illinois.<sup>4<\/sup> The evolution of mass violence attacks\u2014including violence against law enforcement officers and first responders\u2014challenges law enforcement agencies to adapt their operational procedures and tactics, training, and equipment to effectively meet the threat and increase officer safety and survivability.<\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #9a1b22;\">Immediate Response to Scenes of Mass Violence<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>According to an FBI study of active shooter incidents in the United States between 2000 and 2013,<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><em>In 63 incidents where the duration of the incident could be ascertained, 44 (69.8%) of 63 incidents ended in 5 minutes or less, with 23 ending in 2 minutes or less.<\/em><sup>5<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Therefore, the expectation that the first officers on scene should identify the source of the gunfire and immediately attempt to engage the perpetrator to keep them from continuing to injure or kill innocent persons is both appropriate and necessary. Research has also demonstrated that immediate trauma care and rapid transport to an emergency department provide victims with the greatest chance of surviving the injury and minimizing subsequent complications that could result in death.<sup>6<\/sup><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #9a1b22;\">Training & Equipment<\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><em>Situational Awareness<\/em><\/h3>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-47792 size-medium alignright\" src=\"http:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/GettyImages-926719190-edit-300x176.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"176\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/GettyImages-926719190-edit-300x176.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/GettyImages-926719190-edit-768x450.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/GettyImages-926719190-edit-1024x600.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>The capacity to treat a wide range of emergencies, including quite severe ones, as routine events constitutes an enormous strength for law enforcement personnel. Officers have thought through how to act. They are equipped. They have trained and practiced. Their judgement has been honed by experience. In moments when any delay may make a difference of life or death, police officers don\u2019t need to size up the situation for an extended period or plan their response from scratch\u2014they respond, and they respond well.<\/p>\n<p>In the response to a mass violence event, predetermined responses to more common incidents may be quickly invalidated. In fact, routine response protocols may be grossly inadequate or even counterproductive, increasing the risk for officers and adversely affecting the success of the response. In a crisis, officers must quickly recognize the elements that make the event different from routine emergencies. They must quickly gather and assimilate key facts under conditions of great stress and high uncertainty to determine what is happening, generate alternative or improvised courses of action, and assess which actions hold the most promise for dealing with the situation.<sup>7<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Patrol officers have typically been the first law enforcement personnel to arrive on scene. While significant emphasis has been placed on training SWAT and other tactical units to respond to terrorist and other mass violence events, recent incidents have demonstrated that the actions taken by patrol and other non-tactical unit officers greatly impact the outcome of the event. In San Bernardino, California, and Orlando, Florida, for example, the first officers to arrive on scenes of mass violence immediately formed contact teams and entered the Inland Regional Center and the Pulse Nightclub, respectively, to \u201cstop the killing and stop the dying.\u201d<sup>8<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>In addition to tactical training, a greater emphasis must be placed on training officers to recognize novelty\u2014those elements of an incident that indicate that what may appear to be a more common emergency call is in fact a crisis event. Well-defined, well-developed, and practiced response protocols have equipped law enforcement officers to perform at high levels in response to active shooter events. However, the increasing number of events in which responding officers are the targets suggests the need for an increased emphasis on critical thinking; decision-making; and the ability to depart from routine response protocols and effectively function in high-stress, counterintuitive, and rapidly evolving scenarios.<\/p>\n<h3><em>Active Shooter Training<\/em><\/h3>\n<p>A recent survey of U.S. law enforcement agencies confirms that most organizations provide active shooter training for sworn personnel, and executives consider this training to be a high priority in officer safety training in the next few years.<sup>9<\/sup> However, if mass violence response practices are going to emphasize and expect the first officers to arrive on scene to engage the shooter, some emerging trends and possibilities must be considered:<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.2in;\"><span style=\"font-family: Wingdings; color: #9a1b22;\">n<\/span> The increasing trend that the perpetrators intentionally engage or target first responders.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.2in;\"><span style=\"font-family: Wingdings; color: #9a1b22;\">n<\/span> The reality that a terrorist or \u201cextremist\u201d may be the perpetrator of the attack.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.2in;\"><span style=\"font-family: Wingdings; color: #9a1b22;\">n<\/span> The presence of multiple perpetrators.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.2in;\"><span style=\"font-family: Wingdings; color: #9a1b22;\">n<\/span> The presence of well-armed and \u201ctactically\u201d trained perpetrators.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.2in;\"><span style=\"font-family: Wingdings; color: #9a1b22;\">n<\/span> The increasing presence of armed teachers, staff, and security personnel in schools, houses of worship, and other venues.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.2in;\"><span style=\"font-family: Wingdings; color: #9a1b22;\">n<\/span> The presence of armed civilians more generally in public places.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.2in;\"><span style=\"font-family: Wingdings; color: #9a1b22;\">n<\/span> The potential presence of IEDs.<\/p>\n<p>These possibilities challenge the field to re-think single officer response to active shooter events by increasing the emphasis on situational awareness; implementing reality-based training that focuses on one- or two-officer response; and providing the necessary personal protective equipment such as ballistic helmets, ballistic vests with ceramic plates, personal tactical medical equipment, ballistic barriers, and patrol rifles.<sup>10<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>As was the case in the response to the attack at Pulse Nightclub in Orlando, while a detective was working an extra-duty detail outside of the club when the incident began, he, \u201cimmediately recognized that his Sig Sauer P226 9mm handgun\u2026was no match for the .223 caliber rifle being fired inside the club.\u201d<sup>11<\/sup> Likewise, one of the first contact team members in the response to the terrorist attack in San Bernardino indicated,<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><em>I felt so naked because we didn\u2019t have cover and concealment approaching the building. You know you are outgunned. It is going to be hard to beat an AR [AR-15 semi-automatic rifle] with a handgun, so I knew we needed good shot placement.<\/em><sup>12<\/sup><\/p>\n<h3><em>Tactical Emergency Medical Training and Equipment<\/em><\/h3>\n<p>Law enforcement organizations continue to recommend that police departments provide basic tactical medical training and equipment to their officers; however, many departments have not made the recommended training and the equipment available. In fact, more than half of officers surveyed for the National Law Enforcement Applied Research and Data Platform Law Enforcement Officer Safety and Wellness study indicated that they have received insufficient or no training in first aid or officer rescue tactics.<sup>13<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>During the Aurora, Colorado, theater shooting, a police paramedic was able to get inside the theater quickly, triage victims, and help extract those who were critically injured to a \u201cwarm zone\u201d where fire department emergency medical technicians were able to treat them. In Orlando, officers operating under the threat of IEDs and gunfire removed severely injured victims and transported them to the Orlando Regional Medical Center, which was within blocks of the nightclub, saving numerous lives.<\/p>\n<p>In 2013, a group of public safety personnel from fire, law enforcement, pre-hospital care, trauma care, and the military convened in Hartford, Connecticut, to develop consensus regarding strategies to increase survivability in mass public shootings. Applying lessons learned from the military, the group of experts developed the acronym THREAT to address casualty management during high-threat tactical and rescue operations:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><big><span style=\"color: #9a1b22;\"><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-47789 size-medium\" src=\"http:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/GettyImages-94474495-edit-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/GettyImages-94474495-edit-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/GettyImages-94474495-edit-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/GettyImages-94474495-edit-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/GettyImages-94474495-edit-272x182.jpg 272w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>T<\/strong><\/span>hreat suppression<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #9a1b22;\"><strong>H<\/strong><\/span>emorrhage control<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #9a1b22;\"><strong>R<\/strong><\/span>apid\u00a0<span style=\"color: #9a1b22;\"><strong>E<\/strong><\/span>xtraction to safety<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #9a1b22;\"><strong>A<\/strong><\/span>ssessment by medical providers<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #9a1b22;\"><strong>T<\/strong><\/span>ransport to definitive care<\/big><\/p>\n<p>Recognizing that IED and active shooter incidents represent an increasing threat of devastating injuries to civilians and public safety personnel, all first responders should be trained and equipped to provide basic lifesaving measures in response to explosive injuries and gunshot wounds. Emergency medical kits are designed for injured officers to save their own lives; however, they can also be used on injured individuals encountered during these events.<\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #9a1b22;\">Officer Recovery and Resilience<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Mass violence incidents take an emotional toll on all involved, including first responders\u2014especially when law enforcement officers are included among the casualties and injured. However, law enforcement officers and other first responders are expected to be \u201ctough\u201d and \u201cresilient\u201d and able to bounce back from trauma without much, if any, mental health treatment or professional attention. The law enforcement profession has begun to recognize that<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><em>most police officers may be able to tolerate a more vivid exposure to death or violence than the general public, but there are situations, such as mass casualty events, where the traumatic stress simply exceeds an officer\u2019s ability to cope without support.<\/em><sup>14<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>In addition, law enforcement personnel, including call-takers and dispatchers, investigators, and other support staff who are not at the scene of an incident, but respond in other ways, may also be affected and need support.<sup>15<\/sup><\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p>In recognition of the fact that there is no one-size-fits-all strategy to accommodate people who experience trauma, as soon as possible and practical after a terrorist attack or other mass casualty event, public safety agencies should consider designating an incident commander specifically tasked with assessing and meeting the mental health needs of the first responders. Often, in the immediate aftermath of the attack, the level of trauma experienced by first responders on scene is not fully recognized.<sup>16<\/sup> Therefore, the primary responsibilities of the mental health incident commander should be to monitor agency personnel in the aftermath of the mass casualty event, to coordinate debriefings, to connect individuals to peer support or mental health professionals, to connect families of those involved in the incident response to support services if needed, and to ensure a continuum of care. This position is also necessary to advise agency leadership regarding operational decisions that impact personnel\u2019s mental health, including work and shift assignments.<sup>17<\/sup> Additionally, jurisdictions and individual agencies should consider whether their traditional employee assistance programs (EAPs) and mental health structure will suffice in the aftermath of a critical incident or if adjustments should be made for employees in need of other outside services.<\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #9a1b22;\">Conclusion<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The local law enforcement responses to recent mass violence incidents have demonstrated that well-defined, well-developed, and practiced protocols equip law enforcement officers to perform at high levels during these tragic events. Their bravery, professionalism, and dedication have saved countless lives. However, it must be recognized that the threat continues to evolve and become deadlier and that law enforcement are increasingly being targeted by the perpetrators of these acts.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<table class=\"alignright\" style=\"width: 42%; border-collapse: collapse;\" border=\"1\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color: #ffdacc;\">\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>IACP Resources<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.2in;\"><span style=\"font-family: Wingdings;\">n<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theiacp.org\/resources\/video\/iacp-2018-recorded-sessions-mass-casualty-and-violent-attacks\" class=\"broken_link\">IACP 2018 Recorded Sessions: Mass Casualty and Violent Attacks<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.2in;\"><span style=\"font-family: Wingdings;\">n<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theiacp.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2021-07\/ActiveShooter2018-UpdatedFormat%2007.16.2021_0.pdf\">Active Shooter Model Policy<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.theiacp.org\/\">theIACP.org<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.2in;\"><span style=\"font-family: Wingdings;\">n<\/span> \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/safeguarding-officer-mental-health\/\">Safeguarding Mental Health Before and After Mass Casualty Incidents<\/a>\u201d (article)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Faced with this reality, it is necessary to continuously evaluate the threat environment and ensure that law enforcement officers\u2014particularly those in non-tactical roles who are likely to be the first on scene\u2014have the appropriate mind-set, training, and equipment to respond. The Center for Mass Violence Response Studies (CMVRS) draws on the National Police Foundation\u2019s knowledge and position as a national, nonprofit, nonpartisan, independent organization to advise federal, state, and local public safety officials and to build bridges between stakeholders to identify opportunities for collaboration in response to mass violence events. The Center provides objective, rigorous, and actionable research, training and technical assistance to public safety, policy, school, business, faith, and community leaders regarding the prevention of, response to, and recovery from mass violence attacks.<\/p>\n<p>CMVRS\u2019s ongoing analysis of the public safety response to mass violence events indicates that law enforcement leaders must carefully consider the emerging pattern of attacks against law enforcement personnel in the context of mass casualty events. Collaborative discussions must be undertaken to develop and implement operational protocols and to identify appropriate training and equipment to increase the survivability and effectiveness of the initial response by officers to mass violence events.<span style=\"font-family: Webdings; color: #9a1b22;\">d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Notes:<\/strong><span data-ccp-props=\"{"201341983":0,"335559739":0,"335559740":480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><sup>1<\/sup> National Police Foundation, \u201cCenter for Mass Violence Response Studies.\u201d\u00a0<span data-ccp-props=\"{"201341983":0,"335559739":0,"335559740":480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><sup>2<\/sup> FBI and Advanced Law Enforcement Rapid Response Training (ALERRT) Center at Texas State University, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fbi.gov\/file-repository\/active-shooter-incidents-us-2016-2017.pdf\/view\"><em>Active Shooter Incidents in the United States in 2016 and 2017<\/em><\/a> (Washington, DC: FBI and ALERRT Center, 2018), 2.\u00a0<span data-ccp-props=\"{"201341983":0,"335559739":0,"335559740":480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><sup>3<\/sup> FBI and ALERRT Center at Texas State University, <em>Active Shooter Incidents in the United States in 2016 and 2017<\/em>, 10.\u00a0\u00a0<span data-ccp-props=\"{"201341983":0,"335559739":0,"335559740":480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><sup>4<\/sup> \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ajc.com\/news\/national\/south-carolina-police-shooting-2nd-officer-dies-after-florence-ambush\/d98SioRHGnMjKZwLk8qPjJ\/\">South Carolina Police Shooting: 2nd Officer Dies after Florence Ambush<\/a>,\u201d AJC, October 23, 2018; Associated Press, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.necn.com\/news\/national-international\/Pittsburgh-Police-Respond-Synagogue-Shooting-498785981.html\">11 Dead, 4 Officers Injured at Tree of Life Synagogue in Pa.; Suspect in Custody<\/a>,\u201d NECN, October 27, 2018; Kate Zezima et al., \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/nation\/2018\/11\/08\/multiple-injuries-reported-bar-shooting-thousand-oaks-calif\/?utm_term=.e8686c493587\">12 People Killed, Including Sheriff\u2019s Deputy in \u2018Horrific\u2019 California Bar Shooting<\/a>,\u201d Washington Post, November 8, 2018; <u>Sam <\/u>Charles et al., \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/chicago.suntimes.com\/news\/shots-fired-near-mercy-hospital\">This Tears at the Soul of Our City<\/a>,\u201d Chicago Sun Times, November 19, 2018.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<span data-ccp-props=\"{"201341983":0,"335559739":0,"335559740":480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><sup>5<\/sup> J. Pete Blair and Katherine W. Schweit, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fbi.gov\/file-repository\/active-shooter-study-2000-2013-1.pdf\/view\"><em>A Study of Active Shooter Incidents in the United States Between 2000 and 2013<\/em><\/a> (Washington, DC: Texas State University and FBI, 2014).\u00a0<span data-ccp-props=\"{"201341983":0,"335559739":0,"335559740":480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><sup>6<\/sup> Charlie Eisele, \u201cThe Golden Hour,\u201d Journal of Emergency Medical Services, August 31, 2008.\u00a0<span data-ccp-props=\"{"201341983":0,"335559739":0,"335559740":480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><sup>7<\/sup> Arnold M. Howitt and Herman B. Leonard, eds., Managing Crises: Responses to Large-Scale Emergencies (Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2009).<span data-ccp-props=\"{"201341983":0,"335559739":0,"335559740":480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><sup>8<\/sup> Frank Straub, Jenifer Zeunik, and Ben Gorban, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/ctc.westpoint.edu\/lessons-learned-from-the-police-response-to-the-san-bernardino-and-orlando-terrorist-attacks\/\">Lessons Learned Police Response in Orlando and San Bernardino<\/a>,\u201d CTC Sentinel 10, No. 5 (May 2017): 1\u20137.\u00a0<span data-ccp-props=\"{"201341983":0,"335559739":0,"335559740":480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><sup>9<\/sup> National Police Foundation, National Survey of Law Enforcement Agencies (forthcoming).\u00a0<span data-ccp-props=\"{"201341983":0,"335559739":0,"335559740":480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><sup>10<\/sup> During the OPD response to the Pulse Nightclub, a SWAT officer was struck in his ballistic helmet, which saved his life or prevented life-threatening injury. Frank Straub et al., <em>Rescue, Response, and Resilience: A Critical Incident Review of the Orlando Public Safety Response to the Attack on the Pulse Nightclub<\/em> (Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2017).\u00a0<span data-ccp-props=\"{"201341983":0,"335559739":0,"335559740":480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><sup>11<\/sup> Straub et al., <em>Rescue, Response, and Resilience<\/em><em>.<\/em>\u00a0<span data-ccp-props=\"{"201341983":0,"335559739":0,"335559740":480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><sup>12<\/sup> Rick Braziel et al., <a href=\"https:\/\/www.policinginstitute.org\/publication\/bringing-calm-to-chaos-a-police-foundation-review-of-the-san-bernardino-terrorist-attacks\/\"><em>Bringing Calm to Chaos: A Critical Incident Review of the San Bernadino Public Safety Response to the December 2, 2015, Terrorist Shooting Incident at the Inland Regional Center<\/em><\/a> (Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2016), 28.\u00a0\u00a0<span data-ccp-props=\"{"201341983":0,"335559739":0,"335559740":480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><sup>13<\/sup> National Police Foundation, Law Enforcement Officer Safety and Wellness Survey Report (Washington, DC: National Law Enforcement Applied Research and Data Platform, forthcoming).\u00a0\u00a0<span data-ccp-props=\"{"201341983":0,"335559739":0,"335559740":480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><sup>14<\/sup> Laura Usher et al., <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nami.org\/About-NAMI\/Publications-Reports\/Public-Policy-Reports\/Preparing-for-the-Unimaginable\/Preparing-For-The-Unimaginable.pdf\"><em>Preparing for the Unimaginable<\/em>: How Chiefs Can Safeguard Officer Mental Health before and after Mass Casualty Events<\/a> (Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2016), 11.\u00a0\u00a0<span data-ccp-props=\"{"201341983":0,"335559739":0,"335559740":480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><sup>15<\/sup> IACP Law Enforcement Policy Center, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theiacp.org\/sites\/default\/files\/all\/c\/CriticalIncidentStressPaper.pdf\"><em>Critical Incident Stress Management, <\/em>concepts and issues paper<\/a> (Alexandria, VA: International Association of Chiefs of Police, 2011), 1,\u00a0<span data-ccp-props=\"{"201341983":0,"335559739":0,"335559740":480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><sup>16<\/sup> See Frank Straub et al., <a href=\"https:\/\/www.policefoundation.org\/publication\/managing-the-response-to-a-mobile-mass-shooting\/\"><em>Managing the Response to a Mobile Mass Shooting<\/em><\/a> (Washington, DC: Police Foundation, 2017); Braziel et al., <a href=\"https:\/\/www.policinginstitute.org\/publication\/bringing-calm-to-chaos-a-police-foundation-review-of-the-san-bernardino-terrorist-attacks\/\"><em>Bringing Calm to Chaos<\/em><\/a>; Frank Straub, Charles Jennings, and Ben Gorban, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/329484844_After-Action_Review_of_the_Orlando_Fire_Department_Response_to_the_Attack_at_Pulse_Nightclub_National_Police_Foundation\"><em>After-Action Review of Orlando Fire Department Response to the Attack at Pulse Nightclub<\/em><\/a> (Police Foundation, 2018).\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<span data-ccp-props=\"{"201341983":0,"335559739":0,"335559740":480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><sup>17<\/sup> Straub et al., <em>Rescue, Response, and Resilience<\/em><em>.<\/em><span data-ccp-props=\"{"201341983":0,"335559739":0,"335559740":480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Please cite as<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Frank Straub and Ben Gorban, \u201cViolence Against Law Enforcement Personnel Responding to Incidents of Mass Violence: Rethinking Foundational Principles, Training, and Equipment to Save Officers,\u201d\u00a0<em>Police Chief<\/em> 86, no. 2 (2019): 30\u201334.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Persons motivated by a range of ideological beliefs and other individual factors have engaged in acts of mass violence with increasing frequency and lethality.\u00a0As perpetrators of these attacks arm themselves with high-caliber weapons and high-capacity magazines and use or threaten to use improvised explosive devices (IEDs), it is important to acknowledge that civilians are not the only intended targets of these violent attacks. Perpetrators of recent attacks have also been determined to engage, injure, or kill law enforcement officers and other first responders.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":47788,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[128,139,141],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-47786","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-crime-violence","category-mass-casualty-attacks","category-officer-safety-wellness"],"acf":{"post_author":"Frank Straub, PhD, Director, Center for Mass Violence Response Studies, and Ben Gorban, Senior Project Associate, National Police Foundation","main_category":"Officer Safety & Wellness","legacy_article_id":"","legacy_issue_id":""},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.4 (Yoast SEO v24.6) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Violence Against Law Enforcement Personnel Responding to Incidents of Mass Violence: Rethinking Foundational Principles, Training, and Equipment to Save Officers - Police Chief Magazine<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The local law enforcement responses to recent mass violence incidents have demonstrated that well-defined, well-developed, and practiced protocols equip law enforcement officers to perform at high levels during these tragic events. Their bravery, professionalism, and dedication have saved countless lives. 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