{"id":53247,"date":"2019-12-01T08:00:56","date_gmt":"2019-12-01T13:00:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/?p=53247"},"modified":"2019-11-21T11:44:11","modified_gmt":"2019-11-21T16:44:11","slug":"chiefs-counsel-arming-paramedics-for-swat-team-missions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/chiefs-counsel-arming-paramedics-for-swat-team-missions\/","title":{"rendered":"Chief\u2019s Counsel: Arming Paramedics for SWAT Team Missions"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The special weapons and tactics (SWAT) team has been called to a large urban mall with possibly two active shooters with assault rifles inside.<\/p>\n<p>There are already reports of multiple casualties, including law enforcement personnel. SWAT deploys through the south entrance, and, 200 yards into the open-air courtyard, one of the SWAT operators is hit in the neck by a shot fired from an upper level of the mall. The remaining operators return fire at the shooter who disappears from view. This SWAT team (like most in the United States) deploys with a tactical medical officer (Tac-Med), a full-time paramedic who also serves as a reserve deputy with the local sheriff\u2019s office. The Tac-Med begins to immediately render aid to the injured operator. The SWAT team commander determines that the rest of the team must continue to hunt the active shooters and has no choice but to leave the Tac-Med and injured operator behind. As the Tac-Med is working on the injured officer, the second shooter appears and is crossing the courtyard with a handgun. What happens next turns on whether the Tac-Med is allowed to be armed.<\/p>\n<p>No one doubts the value of deploying a Tac-Med (also known as Tactical Emergency Medical Support or TEMS) who can provide lifesaving medical treatment to SWAT operators, but the question of arming a Tac-Med is heavily debated.<sup>1<\/sup>\u00a0This debate, however, is a worthwhile exercise for any agency, since the question of arming a medic brings with it a complicated risk-reward analysis.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p>While the main benefit of providing a Tac-Med\u2019s lifesaving skills is obvious, there are additional benefits of having a Tac-Med unit to deploy with SWAT. Having a Tac-Med means operators benefit from the psychological comfort of knowing medical support is coming from a teammate who is as immediately responsive as possible. In fact, the creation of Tac-Meds was due to injured SWAT officers often having no assistance during missions until an all-clear was given. Additionally, the Tac-Med often becomes the de facto caregiver for the team, assisting with injuries in the field or training and monitoring the team during longer deployments to ensure officers are not affected by exposure to elements or exhaustion.<\/p>\n<p>These benefits, however, can be gained without arming the Tac-Med. It is arguable that the singular benefit to arming Tac-Meds is so they can protect themselves or possibly an injured officer where no other options remain. The question is whether that singular benefit is worth the cost when the need for it is likely remote, can be countered by other strategies, and costs serious time and money to the agency in terms of certification and training.<\/p>\n<p>There are typically two strategies in the creation of an armed Tac-Med officer for SWAT: take cops and train them to act as medics or take already trained medics and give them police powers. The first option means the agency identifies full-time police officers who have or will get medical training. Doing this reduces the liability regarding whether the officers are armed, but increases the liability that they are not the right people to perform lifesaving efforts in crisis situations as they are not primarily trained to render aid.<\/p>\n<p>The second option means finding full-time paramedics and giving them some sort of reserve officer status so they can be armed while deployed on SWAT missions. To do this, an agency must first navigate the legal requirements for its state\u2019s Peace Officer Standard and Training (POST) Council. In Idaho, for instance, the POST Council allows for Tac-Meds to obtain reserve officer status, which permits the Tac-Med to be armed only when serving under the direction of a full-time certified peace officer.<sup>2<\/sup>\u00a0After a Tac-Med has obtained the proper certification through POST, he or she then needs to be sworn in by the agency head.<\/p>\n<p>Due to the high liability of arming paramedics to operate in SWAT missions, an agency must have a policy clearly outlining Tac-Med\u2019s duties and responsibilities, including a limitation that their reserve status as peace officers is active only when deployed with SWAT and subject to all SWAT policy and procedures. This draws a clear line that the reserve officer is not a general peace officer and cannot act as such when doing his or her normal work as a paramedic. If reserved officer status via the state does not forbid such actions, the agency policy could further limit the Tac-Med powers by stating that the Tac-Med\u2019s authority to act as a peace officer occurs only when under the direct supervision of a full-time certified SWAT officer, that the reserve officer\u2019s ability to carry concealed is limited, or that the reserve status requires that the Tac-Med attend and keep current on all required training. Regardless of the specific limits, the policy of the Tac-Med unit needs to be clearly drafted and communicated so all parties know the specific aspects of the Tac-Med position.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-53249 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/GettyImages-1001139488-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"660\" height=\"440\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/GettyImages-1001139488-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/GettyImages-1001139488-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/GettyImages-1001139488-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/GettyImages-1001139488-272x182.jpg 272w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 660px) 100vw, 660px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Training a Tac-Med team of paramedics also presents unique issues. After POST certification, new reserve officers still require a lot of training and the county paramedic agency may be unable to spare a medic to attend training in the volume the SWAT team will demand. If the armed medic also needs additional range time to be proficient with a weapon, the time missed from the Tac-Med\u2019s day job may be more than the paramedic\u2019s agency is willing to bear.<\/p>\n<p>In addition to the needed range time to qualify with their weapons, Tac-Meds will also need to be proficient in all SWAT policies and procedures and general agency use-of-force guidelines. Given the high liability of arming the medic, Tac-Meds must clearly understand and be able to apply the agency\u2019s use-of-force training, so they know how to make an objectively reasonable use-of-force decision if placed in a situation where it is necessary. Additionally, Tac-Meds should be trained on how to draft a use-of-force report, how to testify in court as a SWAT team member, and what to expect during a critical incident investigation if one were to occur.<\/p>\n<p>In the end, the use of an armed Tac-Med presents many challenges that could be mostly avoided if the decision is made that a Tac-Med who needs to render aid will always be assigned a security operator to stand watch while the Tac-Med works on injured operators. Even this strategy, though, is not foolproof, as laid out in the extreme example herein where critical needs result in leaving the Tac-Med alone with an injured operator, leading to the potential need for the Tac-Med to defend him- or herself and the injured operator in his or her care.\u00a0<span style=\"font-family: Webdings;\">d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><sup>1<\/sup>Kevin Gerold, \u201cStandards for TEMS: NTOA Tactical Response and Operations Standard for Law Enforcement Agencies Updated to Include TEMS,\u201d TEMS Position Statement,\u00a0<em>Tactical Edge<\/em>\u00a0(Summer 2018): 74\u201375.<\/p>\n<p><sup>2<\/sup>Administrative Rules of the Idaho State Police: IDAPA Rules 11.11.01 \u2013 Rules of the Idaho Peace Officer Standards and Training Council, Rule 81, 23 (June 30, 2019).<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Please cite as<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Terry R. Derden, \u201cArming Paramedics for SWAT Team Missions,\u201d Chief\u2019s Counsel, <em>Police Chief<\/em>\u00a086, no. 12 (December 2019): 16\u201317.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The special weapons and tactics (SWAT) team has been called to a large urban mall with possibly two active shooters with assault rifles inside.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[159,152],"tags":[859,1260,1259,1261],"class_list":["post-53247","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-chiefs-counsel","category-columns","tag-swat","tag-tac-med","tag-tactical-emergency-medical-support","tag-tems"],"acf":{"post_author":"Terry R. Derden, Chief Legal Advisor, Ada County Sheriff\u2019s Office, Boise, Idaho","main_category":"Chief's Counsel","legacy_article_id":"","legacy_issue_id":""},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.4 (Yoast SEO v24.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Chief\u2019s Counsel: Arming Paramedics for SWAT Team Missions - Police Chief Magazine<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/chiefs-counsel-arming-paramedics-for-swat-team-missions\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Chief\u2019s Counsel: Arming Paramedics for SWAT Team Missions\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The special weapons and tactics (SWAT) team has been called to a large urban 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