{"id":55676,"date":"2020-04-01T01:01:00","date_gmt":"2020-04-01T05:01:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/?p=55676"},"modified":"2020-04-02T11:34:30","modified_gmt":"2020-04-02T15:34:30","slug":"focus-on-officer-wellness-police-officer-load-carriage-requirements","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/focus-on-officer-wellness-police-officer-load-carriage-requirements\/","title":{"rendered":"Focus on Officer Wellness: Police Officer Load Carriage Requirements"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Law enforcement officers are required to carry and wear loads as part of their occupational duties. While military and firefighter personnel can carry loads of over 45 kg and around 22 kg respectively, law enforcement officers assigned to general patrol duties carry and wear loads of around 10\u201312 kg.<sup>1<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>When considered against an officer\u2019s build, this load equates to about 12\u201314 percent of his or her body weight. However, while the loads worn by military and firefighter personnel are heavier, they are worn intermittently. Conversely, the loads worn by law enforcement officers, although lighter, have a more chronic exposure\u2014they are worn more frequently and for longer periods over an officer\u2019s career.<\/p>\n<p>The requirement to wear loads can negatively impact an officer\u2019s mobility and marksmanship and can increase physical injury risk.<sup>2<\/sup> Research in law enforcement specifically has found that worn loads significantly reduce an officer\u2019s ability to sprint and change direction.<sup>3<\/sup> Even when standing still, these loads can alter an officer\u2019s range of motion. A study on Australian police officers, which assessed movement quality via a Functional Movement Screen, found that the movements that officers performed more poorly were associated with joints of commonly reported injuries (shoulders, back, and knees).<sup>4<\/sup> Apart from joint injuries, load carriage can impart injuries to the skin (blisters and bruising) and neural system (brachial plexus palsy\u2014an injury across the shoulder that radiates down the arm to the hand causing numbness).<sup>5<\/sup> The research on marksmanship impact is variable and largely dependent on the officer\u2019s skill, continued practice wearing the equipment, and fitness level.<sup>6<\/sup> Likewise, based on research drawn from military personnel, given the complexity of the brain and cognition, the impact of wearing loads is conflicting and may, for example, impact attention to visual tasks.<sup>7<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Load bearing vests are becoming more popular than the previous hip loads; these vests can include body armor and allow for equipment to be transferred from the hips to the upper body. It is important to note that there is still limited research comparing these recent variations in load carriage options. These vest variations transfer loads from the hips to the upper body, and this weight distribution needs to be a part of evaluation and implementation considerations. An Australian study found that even one equipment distribution variation, such as wearing a load bearing vest with body armor inserts and all equipment, bar the sidearm worn on the hip, imparted both similar and differing impacts on the officer when various brands of vests were worn. Comfort, marksmanship, mobility, and occupational tasks were similar and dissimilar depending on the brand worn.<sup>8<\/sup> One study also found a notable difference in movement and occupational task performance when wearing body armor designed for military rather than law enforcement personnel.<sup>9<\/sup> The outcome of this study, not surprisingly, suggested that officers performed better when wearing systems that were designed for law enforcement duties and off-the-shelf military body armor should not be a quick solution.<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #800080;\">Hip Belt Versus Vest Loads<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-55858\" src=\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/GettyImages-110047039-300x199.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"387\" height=\"257\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/GettyImages-110047039-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/GettyImages-110047039-1024x680.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/GettyImages-110047039-768x510.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/GettyImages-110047039-1536x1020.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/GettyImages-110047039-2048x1360.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/GettyImages-110047039-272x182.jpg 272w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 387px) 100vw, 387px\" \/>The question of whether loads should be carried on the hips or torso creates a polarizing response. The answer is not so clear, and both sides have valid arguments. The hip belt may impact the range of motion for bending forward (thereby increasing load to the back), while also fixing hip position in a car seat (leading to an increased requirement to rotate the spine to use the CADS). The vest transfers the load to the torso (while mitigating the hip impacts), shifting the load upward on the body, which, in turn, can increase the load on the lower back when bending forward. So, for an officer with lower back or lumbopelvic dysfunction caused by rotation, the vest may be more comfortable. Conversely, an officer with a flexion- or extension-based lower back pathology may prefer loads on the hips. Thus, the solution is dependent on each individual officer.<\/p>\n<p>Torso-borne loads may also decrease the energy required to carry the load, whereas loads on the hips can make the carrier more stable when moving across uneven terrain. Conversely, the carry angle may be reduced (arm swing past the hips) when the load is carried on a vest, potentially decreasing cumulative loads through the shoulder. Loads on the hip remove weight directly imparted on the shoulder. Thus, when deciding on whether the load should be worn around the hips, on the torso, or split between both, the requirement should be considered on an individual basis until more research becomes available.<\/p>\n<p>It is important to note that while research investigating the differences between hip- and vest-worn loads is growing, the research is typically with smaller numbers of officers and is still relatively new and lacks chronicity. There is often a perception that the vest-borne load carriage approach is too \u201cmilitarized\u201d and would not be viewed favorably by the public. Education here is key. The concept of militarization of the police could more appropriately be viewed as officers being given the required equipment to complete their occupational tasks. Furthermore, there is limited valid, large-scale research investigating the public\u2019s and officers\u2019 perceptions on torso-worn loads.<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #800080;\">Wellness and Loads<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Given their longer exposure to load carriage, it is imperative that these loads are worn correctly and that the physical body of the officer\u2014the framework for the load carriage system\u2014is adequately prepared. Whether loads are worn on the hips or torso, the carriage system (belt or vest) needs to be fitted correctly. It should not be assumed that officers know how to best wear and fit their gear, and what may feel comfortable when initially setting up the system may change with postural position (e.g., fit the system when standing, but spending most of their occupational day sitting at a desk or in a vehicle). Once the load system is fitted correctly, the officer\u2019s fitness should be optimized. Research has shown greater aerobic fitness and strength in relation to body weight are key fitness parameters for load carriage. Furthermore, body composition is of note. For example, research has found that even when wearing a relatively light load (10 kg), body fat will negatively correlate with physical task performance. For long-term wellness, small things can make a noticeable long-time impact, especially those that impact the body\u2019s ability to physically recover. As such, optimal sleep and nutrition intake can translate into better physical resilience to mitigate this daily occupational requirement.<\/p>\n<table class=\"alignright\" style=\"height: 350px; width: 72.2728%; border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #8932a1;\" border=\"1\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 350px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 100%; height: 120px;\">\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Key Points<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.2in;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u2022\u00a0 Research comparing hip and torso load carriage is minimal and typically with small sample sizes.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.2in;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u2022\u00a0 Regardless of the type of load carriage variation (hip, torso, etc.), officers need to be physically optimized to carry load.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.2in;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">\u2022\u00a0 Personal and operational requirements will dictate what load carriage configuration is most appropriate to be worn.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">For further information, please contact the authors.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800080; font-size: 24px; font-weight: bold;\">Summary<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Law enforcement personnel are required to carry body-borne loads. These loads can impact on performance and increase the risks of short- and long-term injury. Whether these loads are worn on the hips or torso, officers need to be physically optimized to carry, and sustain the ability to carry, these occupational loads. This optimization includes physical fitness, as well as proper sleep and nutritional practices.<\/p>\n<p>The requirement to wear loads can negatively impact an officer\u2019s mobility and marksmanship and can increase physical injury risk.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Robin M. Orr<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0et al.<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, \u201cOccupational Loads Carried by Australian Soldiers on Military Operations,\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Journal of Health Safety and the Environment\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">31, no. 1 (2015): 451\u2013467; Robin M. Orr<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">et al.<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, \u201cThe Impact of Load Carriage on the Marksmanship of the Tactical Police Officer: A Pilot Study,\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Journal of Australian Strength and Conditioning<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a022, no. 2 (2014): 50\u201357; Kate Baran et al.,\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u201c<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Duty Loads Carried by LA Sheriff\u2019s Department Deputies,\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Journal of Australian Strength &amp; Conditioning<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a026, no. 5 (2018): 34\u201338.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Simon D. Carlton and Robin M. Orr, \u201cThe Impact of Occupational Load Carriage on Carrier Mobility: A Critical Review of the Literature,\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">20, no. 1 (2014): 33\u201341; Ben Schram et al., \u201cComparing the Effects of Different Body Armor Systems on the Occupational Performance of Police Officers,\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a015, no. 5 (2018): 1\u20138.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><sup>3<\/sup><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Robin M. Orr et al, \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/16\/11\/1947\/htm\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Associations between Fitness\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">M<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">easures and Change of Direction Speeds with and without Occupational Loads in Female Police O\ufb03cer<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">,\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">International Journal of Environmental Research and Public\u00a0<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Health<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">16, no. 1<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">1<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0(2019).\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><sup>4<\/sup><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Claire Bock<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0et al.<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, \u201cThe Functional Movement Screen as a Predictor of Police Recruit Occupational Task Performance,\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">20, no. 2 (April 2016): 310\u2013315.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><sup>5<\/sup><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Jospeh J. Knapik<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0et al.<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, \u201cLoad Carriage<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u2013<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Related Paresthesias (Part 1): Rucksack Palsy and Digitalgia Paresthetica,\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Journal of Special Operations Medicine\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">16, no. 4 (2016): 74\u201379.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><sup>6<\/sup><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Hannah\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">M<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">uirhead, et al., \u201cThe Relationship Between Fitness and Marksmanship in Police Officers,\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Safety\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">5, no. 3 (2019): 54.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><sup>7<\/sup><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Robin M. Orr<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0et al.<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, \u201cSoldier Self-Reported Reductions in Task Performance Associated with Operational Load Carriage,\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Journal of Australian Strength and Conditioning<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a021, no. 3 (2013): 39\u201346.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><sup>8<\/sup><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Ben Schram et al., \u201cThe Perceived Effects and Comfort of Various Body Armour Systems on Police Officers While Performing Occupational Tasks,\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">30, no. 1 (2018): 15.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><sup>9<\/sup><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Robin M. Orr, Ben Schram, and Rod Pope, \u201cA Comparison of Military and Law Enforcement Body Armour,\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">15, no. 2 (2018): 339.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:480}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Please cite as:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Robin Orr et al., &#8220;Police Officer Load Carriage Requirements,&#8221; Focus on Officer Wellness,\u00a0<em>Police Chief<\/em> (April 2020): 18-20.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Law enforcement officers are required to carry and wear loads as part of their occupational duties. While military and firefighter personnel can carry loads of over 45 kg and around 22 kg respectively, law enforcement officers assigned to general patrol duties carry and wear loads of around 10\u201312 kg.<\/p>\n<p>When considered against an officer\u2019s build, this load equates to about 12\u201314 percent of his or her body weight. However, while the loads worn by military and firefighter personnel are heavier, they are worn intermittently. Conversely, the loads worn by law enforcement officers, although lighter, have a more chronic exposure\u2014they are worn more frequently and for longer periods over an officer\u2019s career.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10551,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[152,156],"tags":[193,1452,1453],"class_list":["post-55676","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-columns","category-focus-officer-wellness","tag-health","tag-load-carriage","tag-mobility"],"acf":{"subtitle":"","post_author":"Robin Orr, PhD, Tactical Research Unit, Bond University; Joseph Dulla, Lieutenant, Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, California; Ben Schram, PhD, Tactical Research Unit, Bond University; and Elisa Canetti, PhD, Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia","main_category":"Focus on Officer Wellness","legacy_article_id":"","legacy_issue_id":""},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.4 (Yoast SEO v24.5) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Focus on Officer Wellness: Police Officer Load Carriage Requirements - Police Chief Magazine<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The requirement to wear loads can negatively impact an officer\u2019s mobility and marksmanship and can increase physical injury risk.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/focus-on-officer-wellness-police-officer-load-carriage-requirements\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Focus on Officer Wellness: Police Officer Load Carriage Requirements\" \/>\n<meta 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