{"id":64119,"date":"2021-08-01T08:00:20","date_gmt":"2021-08-01T12:00:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/?p=64119"},"modified":"2024-09-12T15:11:35","modified_gmt":"2024-09-12T19:11:35","slug":"cultural-competency-and-community-policing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/cultural-competency-and-community-policing\/","title":{"rendered":"Cultural Competency and Community Policing"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The United States has multiple nicknames since its origin, including the land of the free, the home of the brave, Uncle Sam, and the great melting pot. The \u201cgreat melting pot\u201d suggests that there are a multitude of people from around the world that make up the culture in the United States. With a variety of ethnically diverse people comes a multitude of habits, customs, rituals, mannerisms, attitudes, and behaviors. The tasks of keeping people safe, protecting property, and maintaining law and order in the United States has become increasingly challenging to say the least. The landscape of policing in United States has steadily evolved from the profession\u2019s earliest form as southern slave patrols to today\u2019s increasingly diverse police force.<\/p>\n<p>Even though there are increasing numbers of minority and female police officers in agencies across the United States, there is still a great deal of work that needs to be done for police departments to reflect the communities that they are sworn to serve and protect.<sup>1<\/sup> For police officers to be effective in the execution of their official duties in a complex 21st century, they must possess not only education, but also the social skills required to interact with people from different backgrounds then their own.<\/p>\n<p>Recruiting police officers who can interact competently with members of all communities results in increased impartiality, consideration, and cultural understanding for police agencies.<sup>2<\/sup> Therefore, the importance of cultural competency training for all police officers in the United States (and, indeed, across the globe) is paramount. The principles of cultural competency, coupled with the philosophy of community policing, appears to be an effective combination and a necessity for policing in a multicultural society today.<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #9a7b60;\">Cultural Competency<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Cultural competency is defined as having five key factors that include (1) comprehending one\u2019s own culture, (2) an acceptance for different cultures, (3) a mindfulness as to how to best interact with other cultures, (4) the know-how to operate efficiently in a world with a variety of cultures, and (5) the skill to recognize and be content with one\u2019s own place without regret, while comprehending where others may be in their own lives.<sup>3<\/sup> According to criminal justice subject matter expert K\u00e4ren Hess and her coauthors,<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>Cultural competency means understanding the diversity of the United States, the dynamics of minority-majority relationships, the dynamics of sexism and racism, and the issues of nationalism and separatism.<\/em><sup>4<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Cultural competency is more than just diversity training. It is a viable strategy to guarantee that all people are treated equally by the law enforcement community.<sup>5<\/sup> It is also required to guarantee that law enforcement officers are afforded the opportunity to successfully perform their official duties.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>If law enforcement officers do not understand these cultures, then mistakes will be made, leading to irreparable harm between law enforcement and the community.<\/em><sup>6<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>A police agency that is culturally competent is one that operates more efficiently, has fewer incidents of police misconduct, and is receptive to the requirements of the public.<sup>7<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Police departments have offered diversity training to their officers for the past couple of decades; however, they did not focus much on diversity or sensitivity training for officers prior to the early 1980s and 1990s until a series of unthinkable events occurred. The police beatings of Arthur McDuffie (1979) and Rodney King (1991) resulted in what were called \u201crace riots\u201d in both situations. McDuffie was beaten by four white police officers after a high-speed chase for a traffic violation and died from injuries he sustained during the beating. King suffered serious bodily harm that required surgery as the result of a beating by several white police officers that was caught on videotape. These incidents, coupled with others like them, exposed the intense racial unrest boiling within U.S. cities between law enforcement and the minority community.<sup>8<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Primarily, experts consider cultural competency that concentrates on the interactions between law enforcement and diverse communities training to be a best practice approach of addressing the requirements of the community.<sup>9<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Cultural competency centers on the comprehension of various cultures by police officers to improve efficiency when working on the road. Police administrators and officers have, in some cases, viewed cultural competency as being the same as affirmative action or cultural sensitivity when that is not the case. Unlike affirmative action and cultural sensitivity, which were movements created to stop inequality, cultural competency is a skill that can be developed.<sup>10<\/sup> Cultural competency has multiple benefits that may be unapparent to the average person.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>Cultural competency does exist to some extent in law enforcement agencies. Situations have been de-escalated and lives saved with the use of cultural competency by officers now in the field.<\/em><sup>11<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>If nothing else, cultural competency affords police officers the ability to understand themselves in comparison to those whom they are sworn to protect and serve. Officers often do not realize that they are conducting themselves based on their own culture until they are forced to interact with a different culture via the performance of their official duties.<sup>12<\/sup><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #9a7b60;\">Community Policing<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Community policing can be understood as a two-strategy approach to policing that involves officers working foot patrol and engaging the people within the community being serviced by police work.<sup>13<\/sup> Its primary objective is to stop crime prior to it happening. Community policing differs from traditional policing in more than just philosophy, but in overall application and approach. Community policing supports the systematic use of partnerships and problem-solving strategies to proactively address the immediate conditions that give rise to public safety issues, like crime, social unrest, and the fear of crime.<sup>14<\/sup> Proponents of community policing say that police agencies had become centralized administrations that were secluded from the communities they served in the traditional policing model. They also insist that police departments became too concerned with crime control and failed to address the wide range of disorder (quality-of-life) issues in the community.<sup>15<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Multiple happenings spawned the creation of the community policing era. The first of these involved the civil rights crises of the 1960s. Police agencies across the United States realized that there was a serious problem between themselves and community members, specifically the black community, and something needed to change.<\/p>\n<table class=\" alignleft\" style=\"width: 430px; border-style: none;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 435px;\">\n<table class=\" aligncenter\" style=\"width: 420px; border-style: none;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\"><strong>FIGURE 1:<\/strong> CULTURAL COMPETENCY<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color: #dbcfc6; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-64123\" src=\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/police-sil-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"214\" height=\"287\" \/><\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color: #9a7b60; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Comprehension of one\u2019s own culture<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color: #f0ded0; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-64124\" src=\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/woman-sil-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"223\" height=\"295\" \/><\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color: #d2a179; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">an acceptance for different cultures<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color: #dbcfc6; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-64125\" src=\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/bearded-man-sil-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"219\" height=\"255\" \/><\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color: #9a7b60; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">a mindfulness as to how to best interact with other cultures<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color: #f0ded0; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-64126\" src=\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/man-sil-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"263\" \/><\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color: #d2a179; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">the know-how to operate efficiently in a world with a variety of cultures<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color: #dbcfc6; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-64127\" src=\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/woman-sil-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"225\" height=\"285\" \/><\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color: #9a7b60; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">the skill to recognize and be content with one\u2019s own place without regret, while comprehending where others may be in their own lives.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>The 1960s were a time of great tumult, civil disobedience, social turbulence, and tremendous progress in civil rights. Inner-city residents rioted in several major cities, protestors denounced military involvement in Vietnam, and assassins\u2019 bullets ended the life of President John F. Kennedy (1963) as well as those of his brother U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy (1968) and civil rights icon Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. (1968).<sup>16<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Two major research studies also contributed to the need for a change in the policing philosophy in the United States. The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment and the Newark Foot Patrol Experiment both revealed similar findings indicating that adding more patrol officers or assigning more officers to work foot patrol did not reduce the crime rate.<sup>17<\/sup><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 448px;\"><em>During the 1970s, U.S. reformers came to believe that if the police were to have any impact on crime, they would need the full cooperation of the people in the communities they served.<\/em><sup>18<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Thus, the community policing era began.<\/p>\n<p>The disconnect between the people and law enforcement greatly concerned politicians and police administrators alike. An effective strategy to both fight crime and regain the trust of the community was desired by all, and community policing fit the bill. Several politicians and law enforcement agencies welcomed the idea of community oriented policing to regain the trust of the people.<sup>19<\/sup><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>The idea behind community policing is that both police community relations and police effectiveness can be improved by making police more responsive to the community and by enhancing the community\u2019s involvement in policing.<\/em><sup>20<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Community policing requires that police officers both work with and comprehend the community and that the community members and the police both take responsibility for the enforcement of laws and keeping the community safe. Community policing requires a multitude of community outreach programs beyond just a monthly community meeting. A couple of examples of community outreach programs that U.S. police agencies are employing include Coffee with a Cop and Shop with a Cop.<sup>21<\/sup> The purpose of these community outreach programs is to build positive relationships between police officers and the members of the communities that they are sworn to serve and protect.<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #9a7b60;\">Discussion<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>What happens when a police department isn\u2019t properly prepared for the challenges of today\u2019s multicultural society? In a word, tragedy! Multiple deadly encounters have occurred between police officers and members of the minority community. Black individuals in the United States are more than twice as likely to be killed during encounters with police when unarmed then are people of other ethnicities. Research reveals that 32 percent of black people killed at the hands of the police in 2015 were unarmed, as were 25 percent of Hispanic and Latino people, compared with 15 percent of white people killed.<sup>22<\/sup> Black persons are killed by the police at a disproportionate rate compared to other ethnicities as they make up only 13 percent of the United States\u2019 total population.<sup>23<\/sup> There is enough volatility between black people\u2014in particular, black men\u2014and law enforcement to justify an in-depth conversation regarding law enforcement bias, extreme mistreatment of black people, the need for cultural competency, and training restructuring. As further evidence, nearly 1 million of the total 2.3 million incarcerated individuals in the United States are African Americans, meaning they have an incarceration rate that is nearly six times the rate of whites.<sup>24<\/sup> That statement strongly suggests that blacks are policed more aggressively than their white counterparts.<\/p>\n<p>Several deadly incidents have occurred over the last 36 months that involved unarmed black citizens and the police. These incidents include but are not limited to those involving victims such as Eric Garner, Michael Brown, Sandra Bland, Walter Scott, Freddie Gray, and Samuel Dubose, just to name a few. Why are these incidents occurring? A variety of reasons contribute to these incidents, including lack of proper training, personal biases, and negative perceptions and or misconceptions of underrepresented groups or communities of people of color. How can these incidents be reduced or stopped all together? A good starting point would be to increase the number of minority, specifically black, police officers in U.S. agencies. This can benefit agencies beyond cultural competency\u2014since the mid-1800s, African American police officers have worked in U.S. neighborhoods, and evidence suggests that their presence contributes significantly to the overall recruitment process.<sup>25<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>A major issue with policing in the United States is its roots. The genesis of modern policing, according to several experts, is the slave patrol.<sup>26<\/sup> \u201cIn 1704, the slave patrol system was an idea imported from Barbados to South Carolina and later all southern states.\u201d<sup>27<\/sup> These slave patrols enforced slave codes that were created in the mid-1600s in the states of Maryland and Virginia. Slave patrols had three primary functions: (1) to chase down, apprehend, and return runaway slaves to their owners; (2) to provide a form of organized terror to deter slave revolts; and (3) to maintain a form of discipline for slaves who were subject to summary justice, outside of the law, if they violated any plantation rules.<sup>28<\/sup> This didn\u2019t end with slavery; as one police historian puts it,<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>Following the Civil War, these vigilante-style organizations evolved in[to] modern Southern police departments, primarily as a means of controlling freed slaves and enforcing Jim Crow segregation laws, designed to deny freed slaves equal rights and access to the political system.<\/em><sup>29<\/sup><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #9a7b60;\">Conclusion<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Today there is a legitimate need for not only diverse police departments, but also cultural competency for all police officers. \u201cCultural competency is an effective way to ensure law enforcement officers treat all people fairly.\u201d<sup>30<\/sup> Police departments should reflect the communities that they are sworn to serve and protect, but they should also know whom they are policing. Cultural competency is not an option but a necessity.<\/p>\n<aside class=\"pullout alignleft\">IACP RESOURCES<\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: square;\">\n<li>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theiacp.org\/sites\/default\/files\/all\/s\/StartingwithWhatWorksBrochureWeb.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Starting with What Works: Using Evidence-Based Strategies to Improve Community and Police Relations<\/a>\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/WWW.theIACP.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">theIACP.org<\/a><\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: square;\">\n<li>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/cultural-diversity-and-competency\/\">Cultural Diversity and Cultural Competency for Law Enforcement<\/a>\u201d (article)<\/li>\n<li>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/community-engagement-through-cultural-competency\/\">Community Engagement through Cultural Diversity<\/a>\u201d (article)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/aside>\n<p>Cultural competency concentrates on the comprehension of different cultures, thus making police officers more effective and efficient in the performance of their official police duties.<sup>31<\/sup> Police department have begun to acknowledge the importance of cultural competency and the need to provide enough training for all police officers in this area. Examples of police departments incorporating cultural competency training include the Los Angeles, California, Police Department, which offers extensive training to its officers in cultural diversity and has required all officers to participate in Spanish language training; the Roanoke, Virginia, Police Department, which has established a multifaceted cultural awareness program that is specifically geared toward Vietnamese history as a result to a quickly growing Vietnamese population in the jurisdiction; the Chicago, Illinois, Police Department, which has produced a series of training videos that provides information on different religious and cultural organizations; and the Freemont, California, Police Department, which created a 40-hour training program titled Common Ground that focuses on the belief systems of immigrants and other ethnic and religious groups through panels and presentations conducted by various members of the department.<sup>32<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Cultural competency is not simply a training; rather, it is a skill that can be developed. If the police in the United States are ever going to repair their image, especially within minority communities, they must adapt a cultural competency philosophy and ensure all of their officers are adhering to this policy. The police and communities can (and in some cases, already do) work together to brainstorm, devise, and implement the most effective strategies to stop crime before it occurs. The bottom line is, in order to effectively police the communities of the United States, U.S. police officers need to recognize and comprehend the multitude of different ethnic groups\u2019 rituals, habits, behaviors, and customs.\u00a0<span style=\"font-family: Webdings;\">d<\/span><\/p>\n<aside class=\"pullout pullout--wide alignleft\"><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-64138\" src=\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Jones-225x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Jones-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Jones.jpg 720w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><big><strong>Derrick P. Jones<\/strong>, PhD, is a former police officer in the Baltimore metropolitan area with over 15 years of experience. He is an assistant professor at Santa Fe College (Gainesville, Florida), and his research interests include the origin of policing, community policing, police recruitment and training, prison programs, and recidivism of minority offenders.<\/big><\/aside>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><sup>1<\/sup>Ruth E. Masters et al., <em>CJ: Realities and Challenges,<\/em> 3rd ed. (New York, NY: McGraw Hill Education, 2017).<\/p>\n<p><sup>2<\/sup>Masters et al., <em>CJ: Realities and Challenges.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><sup>3<\/sup>Ashley Anderson and James E. Hendricks, \u201cCultural Competency, Education, and Training among Campus Law Enforcement,\u201d <em>Campus Law Enforcement Journal <\/em>41, no. 3 (May\u2013June 2011):24\u201325, 28.<\/p>\n<p><sup>4<\/sup>Karen Hess, Christine Hess Orthmann, and Shaun LaDue, <em>Management and Supervision in Law Enforcement<\/em>, 7th ed. (Boston, MA: Cengage Learning, 2016), 275.<\/p>\n<p><sup>5<\/sup>Rebecca Hickey, \u201cShould Cultural Competency Be Part of Police Testing?\u201d <em>Law Enforcement Executive Forum <\/em>16, no. 2 (February 2015): 85\u201397.<\/p>\n<p><sup>6<\/sup>Hickey, \u201cShould Cultural Competency Be Part of Police Testing?\u201d 85.<\/p>\n<p><sup>7<\/sup>Jerome L. Blakemore, David Barlow, and Deborah L. Padgett, \u201cFrom Classroom to the Community: Introducing Process in Police Diversity Training,\u201d <em>Police Studies: International Review of Police Development <\/em>18, no. 1 (January 1995): 71\u201383.<\/p>\n<p><sup>8<\/sup>Blakemore, Barlow, and Padgett, \u201cFrom Classroom to the Community.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><sup>9<\/sup>Anderson and Hendricks, \u201cCultural Competency, Education, and Training among Campus Law Enforcement.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><sup>10<\/sup>Hickey, \u201cShould Cultural Competency Be Part of Police Testing?\u201d<\/p>\n<p><sup>11<\/sup>Hickey, \u201cShould Cultural Competency Be Part of Police Testing?\u201d 85.<\/p>\n<p><sup>12<\/sup>Hickey, \u201cShould Cultural Competency Be Part of Police Testing?\u201d<\/p>\n<p><sup>13<\/sup>Masters et al., <em>CJ: Realities and Challenges.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><sup>14<\/sup>Hess, Orthmann, and LaDue, <em>Management and Supervision in Law Enforcement<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><sup>15<\/sup>Samuel Walker and Charles M. Katz, <em>The Police in America: An Introduction<\/em>, 9th ed. (New York, NY: McGraw Hill Education, 2018).<\/p>\n<p><sup>16<\/sup>Kenneth J. Peak and Willima H. Sousa, <em>Policing America: Challenges and Best Practices<\/em>, 9th ed. (New York, NY: Pearson Education, 2018), 27.<\/p>\n<p><sup>17<\/sup>Walker and Katz, <em>The Police in America.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><sup>18<\/sup>Masters et al., <em>CJ: Realities and Challenges<\/em>, 146.<\/p>\n<p><sup>19<\/sup>Blakemore, Barlow, and Padgett, \u201cFrom Classroom to the Community.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><sup>20<\/sup>Blakemore, Barlow, and Padgett, \u201cFrom Classroom to the Community,\u201d 73.<\/p>\n<p><sup>21<\/sup>Carla Kimbrough, \u201cBuilding Bridges: Community Policing for the 21st Century,\u201d <em>National Civic Review<\/em> 105, no. 4 (Winter 2016): 3\u201313.<\/p>\n<p><sup>22<\/sup>Folusho Otuyelu, Warren Graham, and Shakira A. Kennedy, \u201cThe Death of Black Males: The Unmasking of Cultural Competence and Oppressive Practices in a Micro-Aggressive Environment,\u201d\u202fJ<em>ournal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment<\/em> 26, no. 3\u20134 (2016): 430\u2013436.<\/p>\n<p><sup>23<\/sup>U.S. Census Bureau, <a href=\"https:\/\/data.census.gov\/cedsci\/table?q=United%20States&amp;g=0100000US&amp;tid=ACSDP1Y2017.DP05&amp;vintage=2017&amp;layer=state&amp;cid=DP05_0001E\">ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates<\/a>, 2017.<\/p>\n<p><sup>24<\/sup>Otuyelu, Graham, and Kennedy, \u201cThe Death of Black Males.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><sup>25<\/sup>Charles P Wilson et al., \u201cRecruiting for Diversity in Law Enforcement: An Evolution of Practices Used by State and Local Agencies,\u201d <em>Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice <\/em>11, no. 4 (2013): 238\u2013255.<\/p>\n<p><sup>26<\/sup>Gary Potter, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/The-History-of-Policing-in-the-United-States-Potter\/2bf3afe91ac6fde812b47799659e2173b9a4c9ba#:~:text=Abstract%20This%20paper%20discusses%20the%20impact\"><em>The History of Policing in the United States<\/em><\/a> (EKU Online, 2013).<\/p>\n<p><sup>27<\/sup>Larry H. Spruill, \u201cSlave Patrols, \u2018Packs of Negro Dogs\u2019 and Policing Black Communities,\u201d <em>Phylon<\/em> 53, no. 1 (Summer 2016): 48.<\/p>\n<p><sup>28<\/sup>Potter, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/The-History-of-Policing-in-the-United-States-Potter\/2bf3afe91ac6fde812b47799659e2173b9a4c9ba#:~:text=Abstract%20This%20paper%20discusses%20the%20impact\"><em>The History of Policing in the United States<\/em><\/a><em>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><sup>29<\/sup>Potter, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/The-History-of-Policing-in-the-United-States-Potter\/2bf3afe91ac6fde812b47799659e2173b9a4c9ba#:~:text=Abstract%20This%20paper%20discusses%20the%20impact\"><em>The History of Policing in the United States<\/em><\/a>, 1.<\/p>\n<p><sup>30<\/sup>Hickey, \u201cShould Cultural Competency Be Part of Police Testing?\u201d 85.<\/p>\n<p><sup>31<\/sup>Hickey, \u201cShould Cultural Competency Be Part of Police Testing?\u201d<\/p>\n<p><sup>32<\/sup>Cecily E. Baskir, \u201cFostering Cultural Competence in Justice System \u2018Gatekeeper,\u2019\u201d <em>Judicature, <\/em>92, no. 5 (March\u2013April 2009): 232\u2013237.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Please cite as<\/p>\n<p>Derrick P. Jones, \u201cCultural Competency and Community Policing: A Necessity for a Multicultural Society,\u201d <em>Police Chief<\/em> 88, no. 8 (August 2021): 28\u201332.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The United States has multiple nicknames since its origin, including the land of the free, the home of the brave, Uncle Sam, and the great melting pot. The \u201cgreat melting pot\u201d suggests that there are a multitude of people from around the world that make up the culture in the United States. With a variety of ethnically diverse people comes a multitude of habits, customs, rituals, mannerisms, attitudes, and behaviors. The tasks of keeping people safe, protecting property, and maintaining law and order in the United States has become increasingly challenging to say the least. The landscape of policing in United States has steadily evolved from the profession\u2019s earliest form as southern slave patrols to today\u2019s increasingly diverse police force.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4042,"featured_media":64122,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[127],"tags":[621,1934,799],"class_list":["post-64119","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-community-police-engagement","tag-community-policing","tag-cultural-competency","tag-diversity"],"acf":{"subtitle":"A Necessity for a Multicultural Society","post_author":"Derrick P. Jones, PhD, Assistant Professor of Criminal Justice, Santa Fe College, Florida","main_category":"Community-Police Engagement","legacy_article_id":"","legacy_issue_id":""},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.4 (Yoast SEO v24.6) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Cultural Competency and Community Policing - Police Chief Magazine<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/cultural-competency-and-community-policing\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Cultural Competency and Community Policing\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The United States has multiple nicknames since its origin, including the land of the free, the home of the brave, Uncle Sam, and the great melting pot. The \u201cgreat melting pot\u201d suggests that there are a multitude of people from around the world that make up the culture in the United States. With a variety of ethnically diverse people comes a multitude of habits, customs, rituals, mannerisms, attitudes, and behaviors. The tasks of keeping people safe, protecting property, and maintaining law and order in the United States has become increasingly challenging to say the least. The landscape of policing in United States has steadily evolved from the profession\u2019s earliest form as southern slave patrols to today\u2019s increasingly diverse police force.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/cultural-competency-and-community-policing\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Police Chief Magazine\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/TheIACP\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-08-01T12:00:20+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-09-12T19:11:35+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/GettyImages-1290118946_Edited-scaled.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2560\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"2315\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Margaret White\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@TheIACP\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@TheIACP\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Margaret White\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"15 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/cultural-competency-and-community-policing\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/cultural-competency-and-community-policing\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Margaret White\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/#\/schema\/person\/8ccef21069086f34ed017e84cdf4fe52\"},\"headline\":\"Cultural Competency and Community Policing\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-08-01T12:00:20+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-09-12T19:11:35+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/cultural-competency-and-community-policing\/\"},\"wordCount\":2871,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/cultural-competency-and-community-policing\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/GettyImages-1290118946_Edited-scaled.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"community policing\",\"cultural competency\",\"diversity\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Community-Police Engagement\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/cultural-competency-and-community-policing\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/cultural-competency-and-community-policing\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/cultural-competency-and-community-policing\/\",\"name\":\"Cultural Competency and Community Policing - 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