{"id":64768,"date":"2021-09-01T08:00:58","date_gmt":"2021-09-01T12:00:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/?p=64768"},"modified":"2025-01-07T12:22:54","modified_gmt":"2025-01-07T17:22:54","slug":"countering-the-evolving-terrorism-threat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/countering-the-evolving-terrorism-threat\/","title":{"rendered":"Countering the Evolving Terrorism Threat"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>For years, Richard Holzer regularly used social media to glorify violence and advocate for the superiority of the white race.<\/p>\n<p>Holzer consumed and promoted racially or ethnically motivated violent extremism (RMVE), and in 2019, the self-identified neo-Nazi began to move toward acting on his beliefs with violence. His intended target was the Temple Emanuel Synagogue in Pueblo, Colorado, the second oldest synagogue in Colorado, listed on the National Register of Historic Places.<\/p>\n<p>For months, Holzer told associates that he wanted to attack Temple Emanuel, and he visited the synagogue to observe Jewish congregants.<\/p>\n<p>The FBI\u2019s Southern Colorado Joint Terrorism Task Force worked with the Pueblo County Sheriff\u2019s Department and the Pueblo Police Department to investigate Holzer\u2019s plans. After Holzer was contacted by an undercover FBI employee, Holzer sent pictures of himself holding automatic weapons and said he was \u201cgetting ready for RAHOWA,\u201d shorthand for a racial holy war.<\/p>\n<p>During a meeting with undercover agents to discuss his plans, Holzer repeatedly expressed his hatred of Jewish people and suggested using explosive devices to destroy the synagogue. Holzer told the undercover agents that he wanted to \u201cget that place off the map.\u201d Holzer was arrested on November 1, 2019, after he accepted inert explosive devices that had been fabricated by the FBI, including two pipe bombs and 14 sticks of dynamite. In October 2020, Holzer pleaded guilty to federal hate crime and explosives charges, and in his plea agreement, admitted to conduct that met the federal definition of domestic terrorism. Earlier this year, Holzer was sentenced to more than 19 years in prison, followed by 15 years of supervised release.<sup>1<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>The FBI expects that for the near future, RMVEs\u2014such as Holzer\u2014and anti-government or anti-authority violent extremists (AGAAVE) will very likely continue to pose the greatest domestic terrorism threat to the United States. In fact, 2019 was the most fatal year for domestic violent extremist attacks within the United States since the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing.<sup>2<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>In recent years, domestic violent extremists (DVEs) have caused more deaths in the United States than international terrorists. Between 2015 and 2019, RMVEs were responsible for the most domestic terrorism fatalities. A majority of the RMVE attacks\u2014about 80 percent\u2014were committed by those advocating for the superiority of the white race. In 2020, AGAAVEs were responsible for three of the four fatal DVE attacks.<sup>3<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>The January 6, 2021, siege of the U.S. Capitol emboldened some of these actors, and it is impossible to discuss the evolving domestic terrorism threat in the United States today without examining those events. The siege of the Capitol demonstrates a willingness by some, including DVEs, to use violence against the U.S. Government in pursuit of their political and social goals.<\/p>\n<p>As of early July, more than 535 people had been arrested in connection with the Capitol siege. The FBI has received more than 270,000 digital media tips from the public and continues working with local and state law enforcement to identify and charge individuals who participated.<sup>4<\/sup><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #9a1b22;\"><strong>The Evolving Terrorism Threat<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>In the 20 years since the 9\/11 terrorist attacks, the overall terrorism threat has evolved significantly. In the past two years, as part of the FBI\u2019s annual threat review, the Bureau elevated RMVE and AGAAVE as the top two DVE threats.<sup>5<\/sup> The FBI\u2019s caseload of domestic terrorism investigations has doubled, and the organization has increased the number of personnel working domestic terrorism investigations.<\/p>\n<p>The FBI has also continued arresting more domestic terrorism than international terrorism subjects, using a combination of federal, state, and local charges. In fiscal year 2020, more than three times as many domestic terrorism subjects were arrested compared to international terrorism subjects.<sup>6<\/sup><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-64784 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/GettyImages-945114012-red-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Across the board, the greatest terrorism threat faced by the United States is posed by lone actors or small cells who typically radicalize online, have no formal or overt connection to a group or organization, and look to attack soft targets with easily accessible weapons.<sup>7<\/sup> This threat is manifested in both DVEs and homegrown violent extremists (HVEs). DVEs and HVEs are two distinct sets of individuals, but they both frequently radicalize and mobilize to violence on their own.<\/p>\n<p>HVEs are inspired by, or associated with, designated foreign terrorist organizations, primarily the Islamic State of Iraq and Ash-Sh\u0101m and Al Qaeda.<\/p>\n<p>DVEs are motivated by domestic influences, including perceptions of government or law enforcement overreach, racial tensions, socio-political conditions, feelings of disenfranchisement within society, reactions to legislation (or lack thereof), partisan political grievances, or world events. Online conspiracy theories and narratives of electoral fraud following the 2020 U.S. general election may also, in some instances, be an inspiration for violent attacks.<\/p>\n<p>While trends on the domestic terrorism side continue to evolve, most drivers remain constant and are often very personalized. Many DVEs mobilize to violence in response to a unique mix of ideological, socio-political, and personal grievances.<\/p>\n<p>Both DVEs and HVEs seek to engage in violent, criminal acts. The solitary, insular nature of lone actor HVEs and lone actor DVEs is challenging for law enforcement, as there are a greater number of potential threats, far fewer \u201cdots\u201d to connect, and less time to detect and disrupt an attack.<\/p>\n<p>The FBI cannot open a domestic terrorism investigation based solely on a person\u2019s exercise of rights protected by the First Amendment. Instead, it focuses its investigative efforts on individuals who commit or intend to commit violence and criminal activity that constitutes a federal crime or poses a threat to national security.<\/p>\n<p>Membership in a group, no matter how repellant its beliefs, is not grounds for opening a domestic terrorism investigation, and the FBI does not investigate beliefs or ideology.<\/p>\n<p>Preventing acts of terrorism continues to be the FBI\u2019s number one priority, from any place, by any actor, whether foreign or domestic. Potentially for the first time in 20 years, the threats from domestic terrorism, Salafi jihadism, and state-sponsored terrorism are all elevated.<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #9a1b22;\"><strong>Definition of Domestic Terrorism<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Domestic terrorism is defined in the U.S. Code as any act dangerous to human life that violates U.S. criminal laws and appears intended to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion; or affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping. The statute holds that the act must occur primarily in the territorial jurisdiction of the United States.<sup>8<\/sup><\/p>\n<aside class=\"pullout alignleft\"><strong>Social Media and the Internet<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-64772 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/GettyImages-823030494-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"250\" height=\"166\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/GettyImages-823030494-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/GettyImages-823030494-1024x681.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/GettyImages-823030494-768x511.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/GettyImages-823030494-1536x1022.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/GettyImages-823030494-2048x1363.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/GettyImages-823030494-272x182.jpg 272w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Violent extremists are increasingly consuming materials online, and use social media to distribute propaganda, recruit, select targets, and incite violence. Social media enables like-minded individuals to find one another, even across borders, without having to join organized groups.<\/p>\n<p>In recent years, a small number of U.S.-based RMVEs have traveled overseas to network with like-minded individuals. In some cases, U.S.-based RMVEs have cited past attackers from abroad as inspiration, such as Anders Breivik, who killed 77 people in Norway, or Brenton Tarrant, who killed 51 people in New Zealand.<\/p>\n<p>Even when the FBI obtains a warrant or court order, encrypted applications make it more and more difficult for law enforcement to identify and disrupt today\u2019s increasingly insular actor. Relationships that might start in the open online between DVEs and HVEs can quickly submerge beyond the scope of law enforcement via encryption.<\/aside>\n<p>While domestic terrorism is\u00a0<em>defined<\/em>\u00a0in U.S. legal code, there is not an independent charging mechanism under federal law the way there is for international terrorism.<\/p>\n<p>Instead, domestic terrorism prosecutions rely on a variety of federal and state statutes, with the goal of disrupting DVEs using any applicable criminal offense. The FBI frequently relies on statutes covering federal firearms charges, communication of interstate threats, and attempted use of explosives to disrupt domestic terrorism subjects. The FBI partnerships with state and local enforcement are also critical to disrupting DVEs, as about half of the arrests of domestic terrorism subjects arise from state charges.<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #9a1b22;\"><strong>Partnerships Are Key<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>To confront domestic terrorism, the FBI turns to its network of partnerships and information sharing.<\/p>\n<p>The FBI\u2019s Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF) partnerships remain a critical element of the FBI\u2019s counterterrorism strategy. Across the United States, there are now more than 200 JTTFs, bringing together federal, state, and local law enforcement partners.<\/p>\n<p>In fiscal year 2020, JTTFs were responsible for the arrests of 235 terrorism subjects, both international and domestic.<sup>9<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>To address the \u201cinternationalization of domestic terrorism,\u201d the FBI continues to strengthen its engagement with international partners, particularly within Europe and the traditional Five Eyes partners of Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand. This engagement includes discussing best practices for disruption and prevention and sharing relevant investigative information.<\/p>\n<p>Nearly half of the FBI\u2019s counterterrorism cases are predicated on tips from the public or referrals from other law enforcement agencies and private sector partners.<sup>10<\/sup><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #9a1b22;\"><strong>How the Public Can Help<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The FBI continues to appeal for the public\u2019s help in preventing terrorism. In almost every instance of a violent attack, investigators have found there was a family member, friend, coworker, or somebody close to the person who saw something and didn\u2019t report it.<\/p>\n<p>Family members and friends are always best positioned to notice a change in the behavior of their loved ones. If someone is concerned about a person who might be radicalizing to violence, encouraging the concerned person to reach out to law enforcement or others in the community who can help is critical to preventing terrorism here at home.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Notes<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p><sup>1<\/sup>U.S. Department of Justice\u00a0(DOJ),\u00a0\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/opa\/pr\/southern-colorado-man-sentenced-more-19-years-plotting-blow-synagogue\">Southern Colorado Man Sentenced to More Than 19 Years for Plotting to Blow Up Synagogue<\/a>,\u201d news release, February 26, 2021.<\/p>\n<p><sup>2<\/sup>FBI,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.fbi.gov\/file-repository\/fbi-dhs-domestic-terrorism-strategic-report.pdf\/view\"><em>Strategic Intelligence Assessment and Data on Domestic Terrorism<\/em><\/a>\u00a0(Washington, DC: FBI, 2021).<\/p>\n<p><sup>3<\/sup>FBI,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.fbi.gov\/file-repository\/fbi-dhs-domestic-terrorism-strategic-report.pdf\/view\"><em>Strategic Intelligence Assessment and Data on Domestic Terrorism<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><sup>4<\/sup>Clare\u00a0Hymes, Cassidy McDonald, and Eleanor Watson, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/news\/capitol-riot-arrests-latest-2021-07-06\/\">More Than 535 Arrested So Far in Capitol Riot Case, Including 55 Who Have Served in the Military<\/a>,\u201d CBS News, July 6, 2021.<\/p>\n<p><sup>5<\/sup>DOJ,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/opa\/speech\/file\/1373306\/download\"><em>United States Department of Justice Domestic Terrorism Backgrounder<\/em><\/a>\u00a0(Washington, DC: DOJ, 2021).<\/p>\n<p><sup>6<\/sup>DOJ,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/opa\/speech\/file\/1373306\/download\"><em>United States Department of Justice Domestic Terrorism Backgrounder<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><sup>7<\/sup>DOJ,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/opa\/speech\/file\/1373306\/download\"><em>United States Department of Justice Domestic Terrorism Backgrounder<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><sup>8<\/sup>FBI, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.fbi.gov\/file-repository\/fbi-dhs-domestic-terrorism-definitions-terminology-methodology.pdf\/view\">Domestic Terrorism: Definitions, Terminology, and Methodology<\/a>,\u201d 2020.<\/p>\n<p><sup>9<\/sup>FBI,<em>\u00a0Counterterrorism Division Terrorism Backgrounder\u00a0<\/em>(Washington, DC: FBI, 2021).<\/p>\n<p><sup>10<\/sup>DOJ,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/opa\/speech\/file\/1373306\/download\"><em>United States Department of Justice Domestic Terrorism Backgrounder<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border-style: none; background-color: #102c4e;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-64776\" src=\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Jill-Sanborn-Photo-231x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"195\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Jill-Sanborn-Photo-231x300.jpg 231w, https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Jill-Sanborn-Photo.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Jill Sanborn<\/strong>\u00a0currently serves as the executive assistant director of the National Security Branch of the FBI. In this role, she is responsible for ensuring the FBI successfully executes its national security mission to protect the national security of the United States. Previously, she served as the assistant director of the Counterterrorism Division.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Please cite as<\/p>\n<p>Jill Sanborn, \u201cCountering the Evolving Terrorism Threat,\u201d <em>Police Chief<\/em> 88, no. 9 (September 2021): 76\u201379.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>For years, Richard Holzer regularly used social media to glorify violence and advocate for the superiority of the white race.<\/p>\n<p>Holzer consumed and promoted racially or ethnically motivated violent extremism (RMVE), and in 2019, the self-identified neo-Nazi began to move toward acting on his beliefs with violence. His intended target was the Temple Emanuel Synagogue in Pueblo, Colorado, the second oldest synagogue in Colorado, listed on the National Register of Historic Places.<\/p>\n<p>For months, Holzer told associates that he wanted to attack Temple Emanuel, and he visited the synagogue to observe Jewish congregants.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4042,"featured_media":64771,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[173,139,147],"tags":[1169,552,1170,1964,426,1556],"class_list":["post-64768","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bonus-online-article","category-mass-casualty-attacks","category-terrorism","tag-domestic-terrorism","tag-fbi","tag-homegrown-violent-extremist","tag-joint-terrorism-task-force","tag-terrorism","tag-violent-extremism"],"acf":{"subtitle":"","post_author":"Jill Sanborn, Executive Assistant Director, National Security Branch, FBI","main_category":"Terrorism","legacy_article_id":"","legacy_issue_id":""},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.4 (Yoast SEO v24.5) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Countering the Evolving Terrorism Threat - Police Chief Magazine<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Preventing acts of terrorism continues to be the FBI\u2019s number one priority, from any place, by any actor, whether foreign or domestic.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/countering-the-evolving-terrorism-threat\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Countering the Evolving Terrorism Threat\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" 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