{"id":79079,"date":"2024-09-01T08:01:08","date_gmt":"2024-09-01T12:01:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/?p=79079"},"modified":"2024-12-11T07:52:38","modified_gmt":"2024-12-11T12:52:38","slug":"interdicting-and-investigating-political-violence","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/interdicting-and-investigating-political-violence\/","title":{"rendered":"Interdicting and Investigating Political Violence"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span style=\"color: #808080;\"><small>Photo by Spencer Platt\/Staff\/Getty Images.<\/small><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Examining the psychology of violence in today\u2019s political landscape not only is inherently complex, but it also invites scrutiny. If one analyzes specific events or references incidents as examples, any perceived lack of impartiality can result in accusations of bias or even conspiracy. This challenge arises from the polarized nature of modern politics. The dilemma isn\u2019t new; it was first noted by political activist Emma Goldman as early as 1917.<sup>1<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>It is a paradox of democratic systems of government that citizens are granted the right to criticize and protest against the same government that upholds their ability to do so. This tension underscores the complexities of participatory governance models, where individuals not only select their leaders but also implicitly declare their stance on key issues via voting. This process, while intended to ensure equity, can also foster division, as stark differences of opinion transform neighbors into adversaries or even perceived threats to the preferred social order of those with alternative beliefs. When political opposition becomes heated, particularly when the legitimacy of democratic processes or government institutions are called into question, the potential for political violence looms.<\/p>\n<p>Polarized thinking plays a significant role in the psychological origins of extreme divisiveness. It is a cognitive framework characterized by seeing situations in black-and-white terms. This mindset overly simplifies complex issues, discounting or ignoring the nuanced validity within differing viewpoints, embracing instead all-or-nothing and us-versus-them dichotomies.<sup>2<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>As political division intensifies, so does the propensity to see the opposition not just as competitors but as existential threats. For police officers tasked with impartially upholding every citizen\u2019s right to represent their views, it can be exceptionally difficult to appeal to involved parties with logic. Any perceived slight may result in the officers being viewed as \u201cenemies of the cause\u201d in the eyes of those invested in the issue. Officers defending the U.S. Capitol on January 6, 2021, reported being called traitors as they were brutally assaulted.<sup>3<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>It is important to understand why otherwise rational individuals perceive fellow community members as enemies and how such perceptions fuel the potential for political violence.<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #f26522;\"><strong>The Perfect Storm for Political Violence<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The extreme events of 2020, notably the pandemic, protests against police misconduct, and a contentious presidential election in the United States, exacerbated societal polarization and left many people feeling disconnected from other community members and anxious about the future. Social isolation coupled with ongoing exposure to news and information featuring inflammatory topics related to economic uncertainty, shifting power dynamics, racism, public health issues, and the general unravelling of perceived stability in many communities left many people feeling unmoored and disrupted acceptable standards related to public assembly and human interaction.<sup>4<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Fundamentalist ideologies flourish during times of crisis when people feel that their way of life is threatened.<sup>5<\/sup> The 2020 U.S. presidential election already had an element of high stakes to it. However, when the notion that the actual will of the people had been usurped by those with interests to the contrary, polarization exponentially increased with members of each side becoming more \u201cviolently loyal\u201d and biased against those who they perceived as adversaries. Societal norms around political discourse, civility, and respect for democratic institutions was drastically upended.<sup>6<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>The events of January 6, 2021, at the U.S. Capitol captured the attention of the world. It bears noting that other democratic countries have also experienced significant political unrest and assaults on their governmental institutions, some in recent history, and others before the events of 2020.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: square; font-size: 18px;\">\n<li><strong>Brazil (2022): <\/strong>Supporters of former President Jair Bolsonaro stormed the Brazilian Congress, Presidential Palace, and Supreme Court in January 2023, refusing to accept the result of the 2022 presidential election.<\/li>\n<li><strong>France (2018\u20132019): <\/strong>Originating from concerns over fuel taxes and economic inequality, the \u201cyellow vest\u201d protests morphed into a broader movement against President Emmanuel Macron\u2019s policies and the French government. The protests were marked by widespread demonstrations, some turning violent, across many French cities.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Greece (2010\u20132012): <\/strong>Amid a severe financial crisis, Greece experienced a series of protests and strikes against austerity measures imposed by the government as a condition for receiving international bailouts. The incidents significantly impacted the Greek social fabric and economy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These events showcase a range of causes and impacts, from economic grievances and shifting social dynamics to civil rights issues, reflecting the complex political themes in many democratic countries.<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #f26522;\"><strong>How Ideals Become Actions<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Social fragmentation has given rise to an era of deeply personal politics in which individual priorities affirmed by select group values have displaced traditional political causes. This trend can be observed in the rise of widespread general hostility aimed at a variety of ideological targets, ranging from government institutions including the police, to corporations, media outlets, academic institutions, and even fellow community members who have differing views and values.<sup>7<\/sup><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"color: #f26522;\">\u201cSocial fragmentation has given rise to an era of deeply personal politics in which individual priorities affirmed by select group values have displaced traditional political causes.\u201d<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Digital technology connects like-minded individuals as well as groups with overlapping agendas to form broader coalitions. Larger groups collectively direct their frustrations at causes seen as threats to their common agendas. Action is often coordinated through social media or encrypted messaging apps, sometimes influenced by political organizations, foreign adversaries, or others, but often orchestrated by participating group members using layers of technology to spread their online message and to coordinate real-world actions. Those who do not adhere to the group think mentality or who differ with the viewpoints expressed on social platforms are easily dismissed with the click of a mouse. In extreme instances, online social platforms can serve to inspire violence and other unlawful activities.<\/p>\n<p>In August 2017, various groups with differing ideologies and motivations descended on Charlottesville, Virginia, collectively united in their opposition of the removal of Confederate monuments and symbols. Protesters related to Confederate heritage groups represented their opposition as a matter of protecting historical legacy. However, many groups present were composed of white supremacists, armed right-wing militia groups, and other extremists with overtly racist and anti-Semitic views.<sup>8<\/sup> Counterprotestors, including local residents and various nationally organized groups, such as Black Lives Matter, were also present.<sup>9<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>The ensuing events saw instances of widespread fights and assaults with weapons resulting in injuries. A vehicle-borne attack in which a subject deliberately rammed his car into a crowd of counterprotestors killed one and injured 35 people.<sup>10<\/sup> A Virginia State Police helicopter on the way to assist with security and public safety in the city crashed, killing two Virginia state troopers who were on board.<sup>11<\/sup> A state of emergency had to be declared by then-Governor, Terry McAuliffe. Governor McAuliffe credited police for their actions and efforts to restore order. However, groups on both sides blamed police for failing to mitigate in advance the circumstances that contributed to the violence, property damage, and loss of life.<\/p>\n<p>This type of event highlights the complexities around planning for mass political gatherings involving blended groups\u2014not only those with differing ideologies, but even those with similar ones. Groups and the individuals who participate may solely intend to exercise their right to protest or they may have varying degrees of intent to engage in violence or other criminal activity. To prepare for any potential threats, it is tremendously valuable for police to be able to project approximately how many people will attend an event and what their general sentiment and intentions are before they arrive.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_79184\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-79184\" style=\"width: 660px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-79184\" src=\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/GettyImages-1504680780-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"660\" height=\"440\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/GettyImages-1504680780-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/GettyImages-1504680780-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/GettyImages-1504680780-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/GettyImages-1504680780-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/GettyImages-1504680780-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/GettyImages-1504680780-272x182.jpg 272w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 660px) 100vw, 660px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-79184\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Michael M. Santiago\/Getty Images<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #f26522;\"><strong>The Importance of Open-Source Intelligence<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Police have a solemn obligation to protect people\u2019s rights to responsibly demonstrate, but they must balance these rights with preserving the safety of both those involved and the broader community. Any measures implemented that could be interpreted as constitutionally restrictive must be defensible and grounded in sound intelligence.<\/p>\n<p>The plotting of political violence has become highly dependent on digital technology to coordinate activities and to conceal the identities and actions of those involved. Nefarious planning that may have once occurred in back alleys or secret locations now occurs primarily in cyberspaces using cellphones and other connected devices. In many instances, extremist views are openly promoted online as a way to \u201cdraw others to the cause.\u201d In a society that values free speech, one can espouse views that may be perceived as immoral and distasteful, but that are still not necessarily illegal. This creates a challenge for the police, who must differentiate between\u00a0<em>protected speech<\/em>\u00a0and that which incites violence or activities furthering criminal actions.<\/p>\n<p>Using publicly available information, the police can identify threats, disrupt violent plots, and collect evidence to be used in prosecution. Often sophisticated technology tools are not needed to detect and prevent criminal activity planned and posted online. In a growing area of the policing and intelligence fields, open-source intelligence, or OSINT, is leveraged to identify domestic terrorist groups and others engaged or plotting to engage in unlawful endeavors. Sources of information can come from social media platforms, chat rooms, blogs, videos, traditional media, metadata in photos, and other public media.<\/p>\n<p>In October 2020, German authorities disrupted a planned attack on mosques and synagogues. The suspect discussed his plans using messaging apps on his phone before a person with whom he was speaking tipped off the police. The suspect was advanced in his plans to mobilize to violence, having practiced making and detonating explosive devices. He planned to use similar devices in his attack and was inspired by racially and ethnically motivated violent ideology.<sup>12<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>The police in Germany were fortunate that someone reported what they read, but this highlights the challenges in OSINT. The internet is vast, and most agencies do not have the resources to dedicate to scanning for potential threats and unlawful activity online. OSINT can be used to bolster a case by identifying information that can be used as evidence, or it can be used to disrupt crime by identifying criminal plans before they are enacted. The latter is more challenging and poses more privacy and civil liberty concerns. Industry has been working to create technological solutions that will monitor online platforms for keywords and unlawful content, but results can be mixed. As with all communications, context is important, particularly when First Amendment protections must be considered. This frequently results in the need for manual review of online content flagged by automated programs.<\/p>\n<p>Digital coordination played a prominent role in crimes involving the Futuro Vegetal organization in Europe. The organization is alleged to have desecrated various works of priceless art, such as Francisco Goya\u2019s\u00a0<em>The Naked Maja<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0<em>The Clothed Maja<\/em>. The climate activists glued their hands to the 18th century paintings. Much of the coordination for the alleged crimes occurred over social media.<sup>13<\/sup><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #f26522;\"><strong>Digital Forensics: More Investigative Opportunities and More Challenges<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The saying \u201call politics is local\u201d is commonly attributed to Byron Price, who was the Washington, DC, bureau chief for the Associated Press in the 1930s. Political violence is often also homegrown, making the obligation of conducting a thorough investigation the responsibility of a local police department. An effective investigation must be completed to prevent future acts of violence, identify co-conspirators, and to ensure that those involved are effectively prosecuted. Specialized tools are needed to examine and understand the nature of a subject\u2019s communications, establish links between criminal actors, and see the topics that they have researched. Investigators often uncover financial transactions, location information that reveals proximity to events, and other information to aid the prosecution or help surface insights to prevent future violence. In more complex cases, partnerships with state and federal law enforcement agencies are imperative to leverage greater technical capability and resources.<\/p>\n<p>In October 2020, the FBI announced the arrests of 13 men suspected in a plot to kidnap the governor of Michigan, Gretchen Whitmer. The alleged conspirators used messaging apps like Facebook Messenger and an encrypted app called CoverTone to communicate and coordinate their plans. They shared videos, messages, and other content related to the kidnapping plot through encrypted channels. These data along with text messages, served as key evidence in the prosecution\u2019s case against the defendants.<sup>14<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>The storming of the U.S. Capitol on January 6, 2021, resulted in arguably one of the most expansive criminal investigations in the United States since the 9\/11 terrorist attacks. Police investigations identified more than 400 suspects and FBI agents executed nearly 1,000 search warrants in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Many warrants sought digital evidence held by telecommunications and technology companies. Some suspects reportedly attempted to thwart investigators, going so far as to throw away their cellphones or even attempting to destroy them in microwave ovens.<sup>15<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Court documents reveal the voluminous nature of digital evidence in some cases related to the attack on the Capitol.\u00a0<em>The Washington Post<\/em>\u00a0reported that in one case, investigators lawfully gathered more than 12,000 pages of data from a suspect\u2019s phone (after obtaining a search warrant based on probable cause) using a solution from a technology company offering tools to unlock cellphones and decrypt and extract data contained on devices. In addition, the search yielded 2,600 pages of Facebook records and 800 digital photos and videos.<sup>16<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Every year sees an exponential increase in the prevalence of digital technology such as smartphones, tablets, laptops, wearable technology, cloud storage, interconnected household devices, and other emergent technologies that may hold evidence. As the availability of digital evidence increases, the need for effective forensic examinations also grows. The time required to complete digital forensic examinations is dependent on electronic processes and the number of devices and the volume of data to be analyzed. There is no way to \u201cwork faster\u201d without the appropriate tools to complete the analysis and sufficient personnel who have the training to complete this specialized work.<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #f26522;\"><strong>Ambiguous Legal Authority Necessitates Greater Technical Capability<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Encryption to secure access to devices and safeguard the data held within them is a good thing. This technology ensures privacy and affords the average consumer much-needed options for cybersecurity. However, bad actors often leverage such features to conceal dangerous planning and evidence of prior offenses. Unfortunately, some technology companies not only fail to assist the police in investigations, but they have also actively engineered themselves out of certain processes and don\u2019t have the ability to provide assistance even when legally required to. As companies move toward end-to-end encryption across entire platforms, the difficulties faced by investigators who need to access digital evidence will only increase.<\/p>\n<table class=\" alignright\" style=\"width: 502px; background-color: #ffffff; border-color: #f5f6f8; border-style: solid;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"623\"><strong>\u2003Figure 1:<\/strong> Digital Forensics Analytics Workflow<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"623\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-79252\" src=\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Quinn-Fig-1-Dig-forensics-wrkflw-1024x688.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"336\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Quinn-Fig-1-Dig-forensics-wrkflw-1024x688.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Quinn-Fig-1-Dig-forensics-wrkflw-300x202.png 300w, https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Quinn-Fig-1-Dig-forensics-wrkflw-768x516.png 768w, https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Quinn-Fig-1-Dig-forensics-wrkflw-272x182.png 272w, https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Quinn-Fig-1-Dig-forensics-wrkflw.png 1043w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Investigative challenges posed by encryption could be addressed through \u201clawful access\u201d statutes that would increase the ability for the police to obtain digital evidence when lawfully authorized to do so. In the absence of legislation, having effective tools to forensically unlock devices is essential to help investigators retrieve digital evidence when lawfully authorized. Strong analytical capabilities are also required to connect the dots between disparate pieces of information to provide investigators with a visual overview of the entire case. Ultimately, the goal is to adopt complete, end-to-end solutions that facilitate timely access, streamline workflows, preserve the best evidence, and produce reports that are both demonstrative for courts, and offer actionable insights for continued investigation.<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #f26522;\"><strong>Ethical and Legal Considerations<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>There is a line between speech and actions that crosses from First Amendment protections to criminality. For speech, the line is often drawn at whether the words used constitute \u201cfighting words.\u201d Are they inciting? Do they pose a threat to life? But as with all aspects of policing, an ethical framework is needed to guide the use of digital tools in investigations.<\/p>\n<p>It is important to note that, in the United States, most digital forensic tools are already regulated by precedent through U.S. Supreme Court rulings. In 2014, the Supreme Court ruled that a search warrant is required to search the digital contents of a device. The device in the case of\u00a0<em>Riley v. California<\/em>\u00a0was a cellphone, but the interpretation generally applies to similar devices as well as peripheral instruments used in conjunction with cellphones, such as smart watches that send or receive text messages.<sup>17<\/sup> Several other precedents, including the 2018 ruling in\u00a0<em>Carpenter v. United States<\/em>, have extended privacy protections to data stored by a third party, such as cell site location information and call detail records.<sup>18<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Governance pertaining to OSINT is still evolving but agencies should be aware of potential constitutional and legal implications when engaging in the following activities:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: square; font-size: 18px;\">\n<li>monitoring specific individuals, groups, or affiliations in connection with criminal investigations<\/li>\n<li>using informants or undercover accounts to obtain information relative to a criminal case<\/li>\n<li>utilizing analytical software to generate dossiers in connection with criminal investigations<\/li>\n<li>using social media to develop situational awareness to prepare for events in their area of responsibility<sup>19<\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Emergent technologies continue to change the nature of political discourse. Artificial intelligence will add to this complexity with the addition of deepfakes and advances in misinformation campaigns. Police agencies will need to continually assess their investigative resources to determine if they have sufficient solutions to appropriately address the type of complex evidence prevalent in a typical case of political violence. Safeguarding rights does not have to be at odds with maximizing opportunities to capitalize on digital investigative resources. Crafting sound policies and being deliberately attentive to developing legal trends can help police and the communities they serve strike an appropriate balance that equitably serves all stakeholders.<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #f26522;\"><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<aside class=\"pullout alignleft\"><strong>IACP Resources<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/tech-talk-digital-forensics-as-a-service\/\">Tech Talk: Digital Forensics as a Service<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/building-stronger-bonds-osint-digital-forensics-magnet\/\">Building Stronger Bonds Between OSINT and Digital Forensics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/the-conundrum-of-domestic-violent-extremism\/\">The Conundrum of Domestic Violent Extremism<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/aside>\n<p>While the circumstances differ from 2020, the current combination of political polarization, economic strain, institutional mistrust, and international crises offers an environment rife for political extremism and violence to manifest in the near term. The U.S. presidential election in 2024 features themes comparable to 2020, which is likely to inflame political tensions in a similar, if not worse manner. The essence of the nobility of policing is that good men and women will not only put their own views aside to guarantee the rights of others, but they will put themselves in harm\u2019s way and hold fast to ensure that those who wish to be heard can be\u2014even those who loathe the police.\u00a0<span style=\"font-family: Webdings;\">🛡<\/span><\/p>\n<aside class=\"pullout pullout--wide alignleft\"><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-79256\" src=\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Quinn-292x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"154\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Quinn-292x300.jpg 292w, https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Quinn-995x1024.jpg 995w, https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Quinn-768x790.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Quinn-1493x1536.jpg 1493w, https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Quinn-1990x2048.jpg 1990w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><big><strong>Christian Quinn<\/strong> retired in 2021 as the deputy chief of cyber and forensics for the Fairfax County, Virginia, Police Department. He holds a Master of Forensic Sciences degree and is a graduate of the FBI National Academy. He is the founder of Fulcrum Innovation LLC, a firm specializing in public safety technology and policy.<\/big><\/aside>\n<aside class=\"pullout pullout--wide alignleft\"><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-79257 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Farnam-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><big><strong>Julie Farnam<\/strong> is the CEO of Pandorus Intelligence, LLC, an investigative intelligence firm. She served as the assistant director of intelligence and interagency coordination at the United States Capitol Police and is the author of\u00a0Domestic Darkness: An Insider\u2019s Account of the January 6th Insurrection, and the Future of Right-Wing Extremism.<\/big><\/aside>\n<p><strong>Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><sup>1<\/sup>Emma Goldman<em>, <\/em>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/reference\/archive\/goldman\/works\/1917\/political-violence.htm\">The Psychology of Political Violence<\/a>,\u201d<em> Anarchism and Other Essays<\/em>, 3rd rev. ed. (New York, NY: Mother Earth Publishing Association, 1917).<\/p>\n<p><sup>2<\/sup>A Cognitive Connection, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/acognitiveconnection.com\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-polarized-thinking\/\">Everything You Need to Know About Polarized Thinking<\/a>,\u201d June 30, 2022.<\/p>\n<p><sup>3<\/sup>Gustaf Kilander, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.the-independent.com\/news\/world\/americas\/us-politics\/capitol-riot-police-traitor-pence-b1859745.html\">Capitol Police Officer Reveals Rioters Called Him a \u2018Traitor\u2019 for Refusing to Help Hang Mike Pence<\/a>,\u201d <em>The Independent<\/em>, June 4, 2021.<\/p>\n<p><sup>4<\/sup>Mark Pelling et al., \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8801336\/\">Building Back Better from COVID-19: Knowledge, Emergence and Social Contracts<\/a>,\u201d <em>Progress in Human Geography<\/em> 46, no. 1 (February 2022): 121\u2013138; Elizabeth Edwards, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/elizabethedwards\/2021\/10\/12\/post-covid-the-new-social-contract\/?sh=6f46ec186ab4\">Post Covid: The New Social Contract<\/a>,\u201d <em>Forbes<\/em>, October 12, 2021.<\/p>\n<p><sup>5<\/sup>Gabriel A. Almond, Emmanuel Sivan, and R. Scott Appleby, \u201cFundamentalism: Genus and Species,\u201d in <em>Fundamentalisms Comprehended<\/em>, eds. Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1995), 399\u2013424.<\/p>\n<p><sup>6<\/sup>Yuko Sato, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/mospace.umsystem.edu\/xmlui\/bitstream\/handle\/10355\/90088\/SatoYukoResearch.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y\">Crisis of Democracy: Protest and Affective Polarization<\/a>,\u201d PhD diss. (University of Missouri-Columbia, 2021).<\/p>\n<p><sup>7<\/sup>Keith E. Schnakenberg and Carly N. Wayne, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/american-political-science-review\/article\/anger-and-political-conflict-dynamics\/BF4D85FA7277BAB4DE1E85073D2655D6\">Anger and Political Conflict Dynamics<\/a>,\u201d <em>American Political Science Review<\/em>, February 26, 2024.<\/p>\n<p><sup>8<\/sup>William Brangham, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/newshour\/show\/a-year-ago-the-charlottesville-rally-shined-a-light-on-white-supremacists-and-sparked-overdue-conversations\">A Year Ago, the Charlottesville Rally Shined a Light on White Supremacists and Sparked Overdue Conversations<\/a>,\u201d <em>PBS News Hour<\/em>, August 10, 2018; Debbie Elliott, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2022\/08\/11\/1116880047\/charlottesville-was-a-wake-up-call-for-many-about-the-white-supremacy-movement\">Charlottesville Was a Wake-Up Call for Many About the White Supremacy Movement<\/a>,\u201d <em>Morning Edition<\/em>, August 11, 2022.<\/p>\n<p><sup>9<\/sup>Jackson Landers, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/rewire.news\/article\/2017\/08\/11\/charlottesville-virginia-readies-hate-group-rally\/\">Charlottesville, Virginia Readies for Hate Group Rally<\/a>,\u201d <em>Rewire<\/em>, August 11, 2017.<\/p>\n<p><sup>10<\/sup>Joe Heim et al., \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.ph\/20170813080821\/https:\/www.washingtonpost.com\/local\/fights-in-advance-of-saturday-protest-in-charlottesville\/2017\/08\/12\/155fb636-7f13-11e7-83c7-5bd5460f0d7e_story.html\">One Dead as Car Strikes Crowds Amid Protests of White Nationalist Gathering in Charlottesville; Two Police Die in Helicopter Crash<\/a>,\u201d <em>Washington Post<\/em>, August 13, 2017.<\/p>\n<p><sup>11<\/sup>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wsls.com\/news\/2017\/08\/14\/new-details-deadly-virginia-state-police-helicopter-crash\/\">New Details: Deadly Virginia State Police Helicopter Crash<\/a>,\u201d WSLS, updated August 15, 2017.<\/p>\n<p><sup>12<\/sup>\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.i24news.tv\/en\/news\/international\/europe\/1602171803-germany-14-year-old-arrested-for-allegedly-planning-attack-on-synagogue-or-mosque\">Germany: 14-year-old Arrested for Allegedly Planning Attack on Synagogue or Mosque<\/a>,\u201d i24News, October 8, 2020.<\/p>\n<p><sup>13<\/sup>Tessa Solomon, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.artnews.com\/art-news\/news\/spanish-police-make-mass-arrest-of-climate-activists-following-museum-demonstrations-1234692820\/\">Spanish Police Make Mass Arrest of Climate Activists Following Museum Demonstrations<\/a>,\u201d <em>Art News<\/em>, January 12, 2024.<\/p>\n<p><sup>14<\/sup>Graham Macklin, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/ctc.westpoint.edu\/the-conspiracy-to-kidnap-governor-gretchen-whitmer\/\">The Conspiracy to Kidnap Governor Gretchen Whitmer<\/a>,\u201d <em>CTC Sentinel<\/em> 14, no. 6 (July\/August 2021): 1\u201315.<\/p>\n<p><sup>15<\/sup>Drew Harwell and Craig Timberg, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/technology\/2021\/04\/02\/capitol-siege-arrests-technology-fbi-privacy\/\">How America\u2019s Surveillance Networks Helped the FBI Catch the Capitol Mob<\/a>,\u201d <em>Washington Post<\/em>, April 2, 2021.<\/p>\n<p><sup>16<\/sup>Harwell and Timberg, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/technology\/2021\/04\/02\/capitol-siege-arrests-technology-fbi-privacy\/\">How America\u2019s Surveillance Networks Helped the FBI Catch the Capitol Mob<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><sup>17<\/sup>Riley v. California, 573 U.S. 373 (2014).<\/p>\n<p><sup>18<\/sup>Carpenter v. United States, 585 U.S. 296 (2018).<\/p>\n<p><sup>19<\/sup>Eric Atstupenas, Billy Grogan, and Marcia K. Thompson, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/balancing-security-privacy\/\">Balancing Security and Privacy: Legal and Ethical Considerations in Social Media Surveillance,<\/a>\u201d <em>Police Chief<\/em> 91, no. 2 (February 2024): 32\u201337.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Please cite as<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Christian Quinn and Julie Farnam, \u201cInterdicting and Investigating Political Violence: OSINT and Digital Forensics Are Paramount,\u201d <em>Police Chief<\/em> 91, no. 9 (September 2024): 30\u201335.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Examining the psychology of violence in today\u2019s political landscape not only is inherently complex, but it also invites scrutiny. If one analyzes specific events or references incidents as examples, any perceived lack of impartiality can result in accusations of bias or even conspiracy. This challenge arises from the polarized nature of modern politics. The dilemma isn\u2019t new; it was first noted by political activist Emma Goldman as early as 1917.<\/p>\n<p>It is a paradox of democratic systems of government that citizens are granted the right to criticize and protest against the same government that upholds their ability to do so. This tension underscores the complexities of participatory governance models, where individuals not only select their leaders but also implicitly declare their stance on key issues via voting. This process, while intended to ensure equity, can also foster division, as stark differences of opinion transform neighbors into adversaries or even perceived threats to the preferred social order of those with alternative beliefs. When political opposition becomes heated, particularly when the legitimacy of democratic processes or government institutions are called into question, the potential for political violence looms.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4042,"featured_media":79080,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[147],"tags":[300,2604,301],"class_list":["post-79079","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-terrorism","tag-digital-forensics","tag-political-violence","tag-technology"],"acf":{"subtitle":"OSINT and Digital Forensics Are Paramount","post_author":"Christian Quinn, Deputy Chief (Ret.), Cyber & Forensics, Fairfax County Police Department, Virginia, and Julie Farnam, Former Assistant Director of Intelligence and Interagency Coordination, United States Capitol Police","main_category":"Terrorism","legacy_article_id":"","legacy_issue_id":""},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v23.8 (Yoast SEO v24.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Citizen Participation and Political Violence: Navigating the Paradox - Police Chief Magazine<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Delve into the complexities of political violence in modern politics. Examine the psychology and paradoxes of participatory governance models.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.policechiefmagazine.org\/interdicting-and-investigating-political-violence\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Interdicting and Investigating Political Violence\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Delve into the complexities of political violence in modern politics. 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